Effect of Swimming Training in Withdrawal Period on Thyroid Hormones of Addicted Rats

Report of Health Care

مقاله 5، دوره 2، شماره 1، اردیبهشت 2016، صفحه 29-37   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

نویسندگان

Abdossaleh Zar¹؛ Seyed Ali Hosseini^{* 2}؛ Vahid Bagheri²؛ Zahra Hashemi²؛ Omid Reza Salehi²

¹Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Jahrom University, P.O. Box 74135-111, Jahrom, Iran.

²Department of Sport Physiology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

تاریخ دریافت: 19 مهر 1394،  تاریخ بازنگری: 13 آبان 1394،  تاریخ پذیرش: 26 آذر 1394 

چکیده

Introduction: Today, drug use is increasing in the world. Physiological changes in the body are one of the most important consequences of drug use; one of the most important of these changes is the hormonal changes in the body. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of swimming training in addiction treatment on thyroid hormones in methadone addicted rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into seven groups, including: (1) eight weeks of swimming training, (2) eight weeks of methadone consumption, (3) eight weeks of swimming training with methadone, (4) four weeks of methadone and four weeks of non-methadone consumption, (5) four weeks of methadone and four weeks of swimming training, (6) four weeks of swimming training with methadone and four weeks of swimming without methadone, and (7) control. The swimming training consisted of three sessions per week and each session was 30 minutes. Also, methadone was injected daily at 2 mg / kg body weight of methadone peritoneally. Blood samples were collected 24 hours after the last training session. For analysis of data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used (p≤0.05). Results: Eeight weeks of swimming training, eight weeks of methadone consumption, eight weeks of swimming training with methadone and also four weeks of swimming training during methadone withdrawal period had no significant effect on thyroxine (p = 0.29), triiodothyronine p= 0.06) and thyroid stimulating hormone (p = 0.24) in rats. Conclusion: Eight weeks of swimming training, methadone consumption, swimming practice along with methadone and also four weeks of swimming training during methadone withdrawal period have no significant effect on thyroid hormones in rats.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Swimming؛ Methadone؛ Addiction؛ Thyroxine؛ Triiodothyronine؛ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

مراجع

1. Salehi B, Solhi H, Fotovat A, Motamedi D, Moradi S, Ebrahimi S. The comparison of the psychiatric disorders between opium addicts' families referring to opium withdrawal clinics and non-addicts' families referring to blood transmission centers. Arak Univ Med Sci J. 2012; 15 (3): 32- 38.

2. Aharonovich E, Hasin DS, Brooks AC, Liu X, Bisaga A, Nunes EV. Cognitive deficits predict low treatment retention in cocaine dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006; 81 (3): 22- 313.

3. Herman D, Heinz A, Mnn K. Dysregulation if the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis in alcoholism. Addiction. 2002; 97 (11): 1381- 1389.

4. Kim M, Ladenson P. Thyroid. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier, 2011.

5. Wenzel KW. Pharmacological interference with in vitro tests of thyroid function. Metab J. 1981; 30: 717- 732.

6. Hochberg Z, Pacak K, Chrousos GP. Endocrine withdrawal syndromes. Endocr Rev Aug. 2003; 24 (4): 38- 523.

7. Del‌Valle-Soto ME, Iglesias L, Calzada B, Vaga JA, Hernandez LC, Perez-Cass A. Effects of morphine on the pituitary-thyroid axis: morphological and analytical studies. Funct Dev Morphol. 1991; 1 (4): 3- 6.

8. Mami S, Eghbali M, Khosravi A, Purmehdi Brojeni M, Salati A, Mami F, et al . Effect of opium addiction on T4, T3 and TSH in male and female rats. J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2012; 20 (2): 17- 22.

9. Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and thyrotropic agonists: key actors in thyroid homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012; 351864.

10. Hajizadeh Moghaddam A, Mirkarimpour SH, Alizadeh MH, Kordi MR, Fallah- Mohammadi M. Separate and concomitant effect of swimming exercise and quercetin supplementation on rat’s knee osteoarthritis. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2014; 32 (288): 1- 13.

11. Farzanegi P, Habibian M, Anvari SM. Effect of swimming training and arbutin supplement oncardiac antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2015; 17 (3): 39- 45.

12. Mirdar SH, Jarrahi M, Hedayati M, Hajizade A, Hamidian Gh. Effect of swimming during pregnancy on vascular endothelial growth factor level of neonatal rat kidney tissue. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci.2015; 16 (4): 106- 110.

13. Mirdar Harijani S, Musavi N, Aliasgharzade Oliaei H. The effect of endurance swimming training on liver apoptotic index and metallothioneine concentration in pregnant rats. Daneshvar Med. 2014; 21 (108): 51- 58.

14. Fadaei A, Miladi Gorji H, Makvand Hosseini S. Effects of regular swimming exercises on severity of naloxone- precipitated morphine withdrawal signs in rats. ZUMS J. 2013; 21 (87): 54- 62.

15. Yadgari F, Heidarianpour A, Nazem F. Effects of regular swimming exercise on pain threshold following withdrawal syndrome in morphine dependent rats. Physiol Pharmacol. 2012; 15: 294- 288.

16. Saadipour KH, Sarkaki AR, Badavi M, Alaei HA. Effect of short-term forced exercise on naloxone induced withdrawal symptoms in morphine addicted male rats. Armaghan Danesh J. 2007; 12 (4): 73- 79.

17. Mohammadi S, Ahmadi R, Khakpur B. Combined effects of mobile phone radiation (940 MHz) and noise (100 db, 5700- 700 Hz) on plasma level of the thyroid hormones in rats. Daneshvar Med J. 2015; 22 (118): 51- 60.

18. Changizi Ashtiyani S, Zarei A, Taheri S, Ramazani M. Effect of alcoholic extract of Portulaca Oleracea on serum level of thyroid hormones in hypercholestrolemic Rats. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2015; 17 (2): 52-58.

19. Hosseini M, Alaei HA, Naderi A, Sharifi MR, Zahed R. Treadmill exercise reduces self-administration of morphine in male rats. Pathophysiology. 2009; 16 (1): 3- 7.

20. Rasaei MJ, Gaeini A, Nazem F. Hormonal adaptation & Sport. 1st ed. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares Publication. 1995; 76- 80.

21. Katarina TB. Exercise endocrinology.1th ed. United States of America: Human Kinetics; 2003: 123- 131.

22. Ciloglu F, Peker I, Pehlivan A, Karacabey K, İlhan N, Saygin O, Ozmerdivenli R. Exercise intensity and its effects on thyroid hormones. Neuroendocrinology Let. 2005; (26): 172- 780.

23. Drumond LE, Mourão FA, Leite HR, Abreu RV, Reis HJ, Moraes MF, Pereira GS, Massensini AR. Differential effects of swimming training on neuronal calcium sensor-1 expression in rat hippocampus/cortex and in object recognition memory tasks. Brain Res Bull. 2012; 88 (4): 385- 391.

24. Jannike M, Andersen Christine F, Olaussen A, Jørg M. Long-term methadone treatment impairs novelty preference in rats both when present and absent in brain tissue. Pharm Biochem Behav. 2011; 98 (3): 412- 416.

25. Agnieszka Z, Ewa T, Dominika N, Adam B, Małgorzata L, Adam P, Irena N. Effects of morphine and methadone treatment on mRNA expression of Gα (i) subunits in rat brains. Pharm Reports. 2010; 62 (6): 1197- 1203.

26. Geoffrey SF, Ling Nancy S, Tappe Charles E. Methadone induced physical dependence in the rat. Life Sci. 1984; 34 (7): 683- 690.

27. Pierce TL, Hope W, Raper C. The induction and quantitation of methadone dependence in the rat. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 1996; 36 (3): 137- 146.

28. Drumond LE, Mourão FA, Leite HR, Abreu RV, Reis HJ, Moraes MF, Pereira GS, Massensini AR. Differential effects of swimming training on neuronal calcium sensor-1 expression in rat hippocampus/ cortex and in object recognition memory tasks. Brain Res Bull. 2012; 88 (4): 385- 391.

29. Ahmadi R, Asgary V, Abedi G. The comparison between the effects of cigarette and waterpipe smoke on serum level of TSH, T3 and T4 in male rats. RJMS. 2012; 19 (102): 12- 17.

30. Allan MJ, George AH. The roles of the opioid peptides in controlling thyroid stimulating hormone release. Life Sci. 1982; 31 (22): 2529- 2536.

31. Berglund A, Millard WJ, Gabriel SM, Simpkins JW. Opiate-thyroid hormone Interactions in the regulation of thyrotropin secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 1990; 52: 303- 308.

32. Bhoir KK, Suryawanshi SA, Pandey AK. Effects of sub-lethal heroin administration on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and thyroid gland of Musnorvegicus. J Environ Biol. 2009; 30: 989- 994.

33. Shahsavar F, Ghanadi K, Jafarzadeh M, Nasiri B, Forutani SH. Opium addiction decreases T3 uptake amount. Life Sci J. 2013; 10 (5s): 608- 610.

34. Zhang GF, Tang YL, Smith AK, Liu ZQ, Sheng LX, Chi Y, et al. Alterations in pituitary-thyroid axis function among opioid dependent subjects after acute and protracted abstinence. Addict Biol. 2009; 14 (3): 310- 314.

35. Rasheed A, Tareen IA. Effects of heroin on thyroid function, cortisol and testosterone level in addicts. Pol J Pharmacol. 1995; 47 (5): 441- 444.

36. Khalili Najafabady M, Bagheri A, Hadavandkhani A. Chronic effect of morphine on thyroid glands in male rats. Iran J Endocrin Metab. 2005; 7 (1): 67- 72.

37. Fazelipoor S, Hadipour Jahromi M, Behtash N, Tootiyan Z, Shafie M, Asadi F, et al. Histological, histometrical and thyroid hormones serum level evaluation after chronic nicotine exposure in mice. Med Sci. 2012; 21 (4): 268- 274.

38. Moore AW, Timmerman S, Brownlee KK, Rubin DA, Hackney AC. Strenuous, fatiguing exercise: relationship of cortisol to circulating thyroid hormones. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 1: 18- 24.

39. Lehmann M, Knizia K, Gastmann U, et al. Influence of 6-week, 6 days per week, training on pituitary function in recreational athletes. Brit J Sports Med. 1993; 27: 186- 192.

40. Anthony C, Hackney Kallman A, Karen P, Hosick Daniela A, Rubin Claudio L. Thyroid hormonal responses to intensive interval versus steady-state endurance exercise sessions. Hormones. 2012; 11 (1): 54- 60.

41. Bansal A, Kaushik A, Singh CM, Sharma V, Singh H. The effect of regular physical exercise on the thyroid function of treated hypothyroid patients: An interventional study at a tertiary care center in Bastar region of India. Arch Med Health Sci. 2015; 3: 244- 246.

42. Bize R, Johnson JA, Plotnikoff RC. Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2007; 45 (6): 401- 415.

43. Sforzo GA. Opioids and exercise .An update. Sports Med. 1989; 7 (2): 109- 124.

44. Jalalvand A, Heidarianpour A, Almasi J. Acute effects of swimming exercise on withdrawal syndrome sign in morphine-dependent rats. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2013; 20 (3): 373- 379.

45. Rada KZ, Kaneko T, Tahara S, et al. Regular exercise improves cognitive function and decreases oxidative damage in rat brain. Neurochem Intern. 2001; 38: 17- 23.

46. Mazzardo Martins L, Martins DF, Marcon R, et al. High-intensity extended swimming exercise reduces pain-related behavior in mice: involvement of endogenous opioids and the serotonergic system. J Pain. 2010; 11: 1384- 1393.