اثرات آنتاگونیستی گونه‎های مختلف تریکودرما در کنترل Sclerotinia sclerotiorum و مقایسه آن با قارچ‎کش‎های شیمیایی

دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی

مقاله 2، دوره 4، شماره 2، آذر و دی 1395، صفحه 13-26   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

حسین براری^* ؛ علیرضا دلیلی

استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات گیاه پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت: 28 شهریور 1395،  تاریخ پذیرش: 28 شهریور 1395 

چکیده

قارچ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary یکی از عوامل مهم کاهش عملکرد بسیاری از محصولات مهم اقتصادی محصولات زراعی و باغی می‌باشد. بسیاری از روش‎های مرسوم در مدیریت بیماری موثر نیست. در این میان کنترل بیولوژیک با قارچ‎های آنتاگونیست، می‎تواند در کاهش بیماری چاره‎ساز باشد. در این پژوهش اثر آنتاگونیستی 14 جدایه بومی قارچ تریکودرما مربوط به چهار گونه مختلف برای کنترل قارچ بیمارگر S. sclerotiorum در شرایط in vitroبا بررسی‎های کشت دوتایی، ترکیبات ضدقارچی فرار و غیرفرار تولید شده توسط آنتاگونیست‎ها، ارزیابی شد. بازدارندگی رشد میسلیوم‎های S. sclerotiorum به وسیله جدایه‎های تریکودرما در کشت دوتایی، ترکیبات فرار و غیرفرار بین 4/53-5/35، 33-0 و 100-0 درصد متغیر بود، در این میان Trichoderma harzianum (A10) بیش­ترین تاثیر را در مهار رشد میسلیوم‎ها در کشت دوتایی و T. harzianum (A2 و A10) بیش­ترین تاثیر را در مهار رشد میسلیوم‎ها با تولید مواد فرار و غیرفرار داشتند. که در نهایت آنتاگونیست T10 (T. harzianum) موثرترین جدایه در کنترل قارچ عامل بیماری درشرایط آزمایشگاه انتخاب شد. در بررسی سه قارچکش تیوفانات متیل، رورال‎تی‎اس و بنومیل در شرایط آزمایشگاه، مشاهده شد که قارچ‎کش تیوفانات متیل در غلظت 10 پی‎پی‎ام و دو قارچ‎کش دیگر در غلظت 100 پی‎پی‎ام توانستند به طور کامل مانع از رشد میسلیوم‎ها شوند. در بررسی مقایسه کنترل شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی در شرایط گلخانه، مشاهده شد که تیمار خاک با آنتاگونیست هشت روز قبل از آلودگی با قارچ بیمارگر، تاثیر بهتری حتی نسبت به کنترل شیمیایی دارد. این مطالعه نشان داده که استفاده از ترکیبات بیولوژیک در زمان مناسب جهت پیشگیری از وقوع این بیماری، نسبت به سموم شیمیایی از کارایی بیشتری برخوردار است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

تریکودرما؛ کنترل بیولوژیک؛ کنترل شیمیایی؛ اسکلروتینیا؛ قارچ‎کش

عنوان مقاله [English]

Antagonistic effects of Trichoderma spp. in the control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and in comparison with chemical fungicides

نویسندگان [English]

H. Barari؛ A. Dalili

چکیده [English]

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a major plant pathogen that plays a crucial role in yield reduction of economically important crops. Most of the conventional methods are not effective in management of S. sclerotiorum. The Biological control by fungal antagonists could be useful in reducing disease. In the present research, antagonistic effects of indigenous Trichoderma species on S. sclerotiorum were determined in vitro. Dual culture technique, production of volatile and non-volatile compounds were used to determine the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition. The mycelial growth inhibition of S. sclerotiorum by Trichoderma strains ranged from 35.5-53.4, 0-33 and 0-100 percent in dual culture, volatile compounds and non volatile metabolites tests, respectively. Trichoderma harzianum (A10) showed the highest impact on mycelial growth inhibition in dual culture and T. harzianum (A2 & A10) had the highest effect on the inhibition of mycelial growth by the production of volatile compounds and non-volatile compounds. On the whole, antagonist T10 (T. harzianum) was most effective in controlling pathogen isolates under laboratory conditions. Also effects of three fungicides including thiophanate- methyl, Rovral TS and Benomyl were studied in laboratory conditions. Results showed that thiophanate-methyl (10 ppm) and the other two fungicides at concentration of 100 ppm were able to completely inhibit the mycelial growth. Comparison of effectiveness of chemical and biological control methods in greenhouse conditions indicated that inoculation of soil with antagonist prior to infection with the pathogen had better effect than chemical control did. This study has shown that the use of biocontrol agents at the right time is more efficient in prevention of the disease than chemical fungicides.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Trichoderma, biological control, chemical control, Sclerotinia, fungicide

مراجع

Adams PB and Ayers WA. 1979. Ecology of Sclerotiniaspecies. Phytopathology 69: 896–899.

Baniasadi F, Shahidi GH, Baghizadeh A, Nik AK and Jorjandi M. 2009. Biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of sunflower head and stem rot disease, by use of soil borne actinomycetes isolates. American Journal of Agriculture Biological Sciences 4: 146–151.

Beheshti B, Sharifi-Sirchi GR, Mansouri M, Hosseinipour A and Schlaich NL. 2011. Resistance to citrus canker in key/mexican lime induced by βaminobutyric acid and green tea. American Journal of Agriculture Biological Sciences 6: 242–248.

Bell DK, Well HD and Markham CR. 1982. In vitro antagonism of Trichoderma species against six fungal plant pathogens. Phytopathology 72: 379–382.

Benhamou N and Chet I. 1993. Hyphal interactions between Trichoderma harzianum and Rhizoctonia solani: Ultrastructure and gold cytochemistry of the mycoparasitic process. Phytopathology 83: 1062–1071.

Bissett J. 1991. A revision of the genus Trichoderma b. Additoinal notes on section Longibrachiatum. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 2418–2420.

Bolland GJ. 1997. Stability analysis for evaluating the influence of environment on chemical and biological control of white mold Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of bean. Biological Control 9: 7–14.

Cherif SS and Benhamou CS. 1990. Cytochemical aspects of chitin breakdown during the parasitic action of a Trichoderma spp., on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Phytopathology 80: 1406–1414.

Caldari Júnior P. 1998. Caracterização morfológica, esporulação e sensibilidade a fungicidas de isolados de Botrytis cinerea de flores e plantas ornamentais [MSc]. [São Paulo, Brazil]: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo.

Cooney JM and Lauren DR. 1998. Trichoderma/pathogen interactions: Measurement of antagonistic chemicals produced at the antagonist/pathogen interface using a tubular bioassay. Letters in Applied Microbiology 27: 283–286.

Dennis C and Webster J. 1971. Antagonistic properties of species-groups of Trichoderma: I. Production of non-volatile antibiotics. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 57: 25–39.

Dubey SC and Suresh M. 2006. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers for Trichoderma species and antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt. Journal Phytopathology 154: 663–669.

Etebarian HR, Scott ES and Wicks TJ. 2000. Trichoderma harzianum T39 and T. virens DAR 74290 as potential biological control agents for Phytophathora erythroseptica. European Journal of Plant Pathology 106: 329–337.

Etebarian H R. 2006. Evaluation of Trichoderma isolates for biological control of charcoal stem rot in melon caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Journal of Agricultural Science Technology 8: 243–250.

El-Hasan A, Walker F, Schöne J and Buchenauer H. 2007. Antagonistic effect of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone produced by Trichoderma harzianum toward Fusarium moniliforme. Journal of Plant Disease Protection 114: 62–68.

Godoy G, Steadman JR, Dickman MB and Dam R. 1990. Use of mutants to demonstrate the role of oxalic acid in pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum on Phaseolina vulgaris. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 37:179–191.

Hwang BK, Ahn SJ and Moon SS. 1994. Production, purification, and antifungal activity of the antibiotic nucleoside, tubercidin, produced by Streptomyces violaceoniger. Canadian Journal of Botany 72: 480–485.

Jackisch AB. 1996. Estudo de Pythium em Nicotiana tabacum: patogenicidade, caracterização morfológica e esterásica, reação de cultivares de fumo ao patógeno e biocontrole através de espécies de Trichoderma [MSc]. [Recife, PE] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.

Johnson DA and Atallah ZK. 2006. Timing fungicide applications for managing Sclerotinia stem rot of potato. Plant Disease 90: 755–758.

Kohn LM. 1979. A monographic revision of the genus Sclerotinia. Mycotaxon 9(2): 365–444.

Mazzola M, Cook RJ, Thomashow LS, Weller DM and Pierson LS. 1992. Contribution of phenasine antibiotic biosynthesis to the ecological competence of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil habitats. Applied and Environmental Mirobiology 58: 2616–2624.

McFadden AG and Sutton JC. 1975. Relationship of populations of Trichoderma spp. in soil to disease in maize. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55: 579–586.

Mendez-Vilas A. 2010. A review on contributions presented at the BioMicroWorld 2009 conference. American Journal Agriculture Biological Science 5: 486–487.

Metcalf DA, Dennis JJC and Wilson CR. 2004. Effect of inoculum density of sclerotium cepivorum on the ability of Trichoderma koningii to suppress white rot of onion. Plant Disease 88: 287–291.

Michel AAC, Cruz AR, Otero MA, Rebolledo SO and Lezama R. 2005. Potencial antagónico de Trichoderma spp. sobre Fusarium oxysporum f sp. lycopersici and Sclerotium rolfsii in vitro e invernadero. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología 23: 286–293.

Reino JL, Guerrero RF, Hernandez-Galan R and Collado IG. 2008. Secondary metabolites from species of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma. Phytochemystry Reviews 7: 89–123.

Rifai MA. 1969. A Revision of the genus Trichoderma. Mycological Papers 116: 1–56.

Rocha JRS and Oliveira NT. 1998. Controle biológico de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, agente da antracnose do maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis), com Trichoderma koningii. Summa Phytopathologica 24: 180–183.

Shaigan S, Seraji A and Moghaddam SAM. 2008. Identification and investigation on antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp. on tea seedlings white foot and root rot (Sclerotium rolffsi Sacc) in vitro condition. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11: 3246–2350.

Sivasithamparam K and Ghisalberti EL. 2002. Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma and Gliocladium. pp. 139–191, In CP Kubicek, GE. Harman and KL Ondik (eds.). Trichoderma and Gliocladium basic biology, taxonomy and genetics. London: Taylor and Francis.

Valencia GB, Vargas VH, Soto JNU, Jimenez NN and Corral JH. 2011. Trichoderma sp. native from chili region of Poanas, Durango, Mexico antagonist against phytopathogen fungi. American Journal of Agricultural Biological Sciences 6 (2): 185–188.

Wijesundera RLC, Jeganathan S and Liyanage NIS. 1991. Some effects of isolates of Trichoderma on Rigidiporus lignosus. Sri Lanka Journal of Rubber Research Institute 71: 45–50.