اثر هورمون اُکسی توسین بر بهبود رفتارهای کلیشه‌ای د رکودکان مبتلا به اختلال اوتیسم

فصلنامه علمی روش ها و مدل های روانشناختی

مقاله 4، دوره 8، شماره 30، اسفند 1396، صفحه 29-40   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

حسین رسول اف¹؛ سید ابراهیم حسینی^{* 2}؛ ساره بهزادی پور³

¹کارشناس ارشد گروه آموزشی روان‌شناسی، واحد شیراز،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، شیراز ، ایران

²دانشیار، گروه آموزشی فیزیولوژی، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران.

³استادیار، گروه آموزشی روان‌شناسی، واحد شیراز،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ،شیراز، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت: 10 تیر 1396،  تاریخ بازنگری: 26 دی 1396،  تاریخ پذیرش: 19 فروردین 1397 

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر هورمون اکسی توسین بر بهبود رفتارهای کلیشه‌ای کودکان مبتلا به اوتیسم انجام شد. این یک پژوهش تجربی دوسو کور می‌باشد که درسال1394 در مورد 45 نفر ازکودکان 4تا13ساله، مبتلا به اختلال اوتیسم مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز درمان بیماران اوتیسمی شهر شیراز انجام گرفت. در این بررسی نمونه‌ها به3 گروه 15 نفره کنترل (فاقد تیمار)،شاهد (تیمار با دارونما ) و تجربی (تیمار با اکسی توسین) تقسیم گردیدند. مواد مورد استفاده شامل اسپری درون‌ِبینی اُکسی توسین و اسپری دارونما و ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها در دو مرحله پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون، پرسش‌نامه مقیاس رتبه‌بندی اوتیسم گیلیام - ویرایش دوم یا GARS-2بود. در پایان داده‌های بدست آمده با استفاده از آزمون کوواریانس مورد آنالیز قرار گرفتند و معنا داری اختلاف درسطح 05/0p<در نظرگرفته شد. نتایج این بررسی نشان دادند که درمان با اکسی توسین، باعث بهبود رفتارهای کلیشه‌ای در بیماران مبتلا به اوتیسم در سطح001/0p<نسبت به گروه کنترل می‌شود و متغیرهای سن و جنسیت نیزتأثیر معناداری بر مقدار اثربخشی اکسی توسین ندارند. نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که تجویز اکسی توسین به احتمال زیاد از راه اثر بر مراکز مغزی باعث بهبود اختلال رفتارهای کلیشه ای در بیماران اوتیسمی می‌شود و سن و جنسیت نیزدر این اثر درمانی بی تاثیر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اختلال اوتیسم؛ رفتارهای کلیشه ای؛ اکسی توسین

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of the Oxytocin hormone on improving stereotyped behaviors in children with autistic disorder

نویسندگان [English]

Hossein Rasoulof¹؛ Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini²؛ Sare Behzadipoor³

¹Department of psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

³Department of psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Introduction: Autistic Disorder is one of the neuro-developmental disorders recognized a series by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Due to the increasing rate of children suffering from this disease around the world, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the oxytocin hormone on improving the stereotypical behaviors of children with autistic disorder was performed.
Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study is double-blind trial in 1395 on 45 children of 4 to 13 years old, with autistic disorder visited to autism treatment centers of Shiraz were conducted. The samples divided to 3 groups of 15 including control (no treatment), sham (treated with placebo) and experimental (treatment with oxytocin). Materials used include intranasal oxytocin spray and placebo spray and the data collection tool from samples in two pre-test and post-test, Gilliam Autism Rating Scale questionnaire- Second Edition or GARS-2, respectively. In the end, the data obtained using ANOVA and t-test was analyzed and significance difference of data at P<0/05was considered.
Results: The results showed that treatment with oxytocin improves stereotyped behaviors in patients with autistic disorder at p<0/001 compared to the control group and so, age and gender variables have no significant effect on the effectiveness of oxytocin.
Conclusion: Results of this study showed that oxytocin injection possibly through effects on brain centers improves stereotyped behaviors disorders in children with autism, and age and gender have no effect on this treatment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Autistic disorder, stereotypical behaviors, oxytocin

مراجع

- Alvares, G.A. Chen, N.T. & Balleine, B.W. (2012).Oxytocin selectively moderates negative cognitive appraisals in high trait anxious males.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(12),2022-31.

-Alvares, G.A. Hickie, I.B. & Guastella ,A.J.(2010).Acute effects of intranasal oxytocin on subjective and behavioral responses to social rejection. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology,18(4),316-21. 

-Anagnostou, E. Soorya, L. & Brian, J. (2014).Intranasal oxytocin in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: a review of literature and early safety and efficacy data in youth. Brain Research, 1580,188-98.

-Auyeung, B. Lombardo, M.V. & Heinrichs, M. (2015). Oxytocin increases eye contact during a real-time, naturalistic social interaction in males with and without autism. Translational Psychiatry, 5,e507.

- Baron‐Cohen, S. (2006).Two new theories of autism: hyper‐systemising and assortative mating. Archives of Disease in Childhood,91(1), 2–5.

6-Bealer, S.L. Armstrong, W.E. & Crowley, W.R. (2010). Oxytocin release in magnocellular nuclei: neurochemical mediators and functional significance during gestation. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative  and Comparative Physiology, 299(2), 452-8.

- Benevides, T.W. & Lane, S.J. (2015). A Review of Cardiac Autonomic Measures: Considerations for Examination of Physiological Response in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(2),560–575.

- Bernhardt, B.C. Valk, S.L. & Silani, G. (2014). Selective disruption of sociocognitive structural brain networks in autism and alexithymia. Cerebral  Cortex, 24(12),3258-67.

- Bird, G. & Cook, R. (2013).Mixed emotions: the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of autism. Translation Psychiatry, 3,e285

- Boyd, B.A. McDonough, S.G. & Bodfish, J.W.(2012).Evidence-based behavioral interventions for repetitive behaviors in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6),1236-48.

- De Oliveira, D.C. Zuardi, A.W. & Graeff, F.G. (2012).Anxiolytic-like effect of oxytocin in the simulated public speaking test. – Journal of Psychopharmacolology, 26(4),497-504.

- Domes, G. Heinrichs, M. & Kumbier, E.(2013). Effects of intranasal oxytocin on the neural basis of face processing in autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 74(3),164-71.

- Elizabeth, P. David, B.(2012).When the world becomes ‘too real’: a Bayesian explanation of autistic perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(10),504-510.

-Garrison, J.L. Macosko, E.Z. & Bernstein, S. (2012). Oxytocin/vasopressin-related peptides have an ancient role in reproductive behavior. Science, 338(6106),540-3.

-Kushki, A. Drumm, E. & Pla Mobarak, M. (2013). Investigating the autonomic nervous system response to anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One, 8(4),e59730.

- Lischke, A. Berger, C. & Prehn, K. (2012). Intranasal oxytocin enhances emotion recognition from dynamic facial expressions and leaves eye-gaze unaffected. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(4),475-81.

17-Mahmoudi  A. (2017). Impact of touch on children's depression. Journal of Psychological Models and Methods,8(28),116-130

- Mazzuca, M. Minlebaev, M. Shakirzyanova, A. Tyzio, R. Taccola, G. & Janackova, S. (2011). Newborn Analgesia Mediated by Oxytocin during Delivery. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,  5,3-8.

-Nehrkorn, B. Schulte-Rüther, M. (2013). Changes in grey matter development in autism spectrum disorder. Brain Structure and Function ,218(4),929-42.

- Ninan, I. (2011). Oxytocin suppresses basal glutamatergic transmission but facilitates activity-dependent synaptic potentiation in the medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry , 119(2),324-31.

- Samson, A.C. Huber, O. Gross, J.J.(2012).Emotion regulation in Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism. Emotion, 12(4),659-65.

- Sanna, F. Argiolas, A. & Melis, M.R.(2012). Oxytocin-induced yawning: sites of action in the brain and interaction with mesolimbic/mesocortical and incertohypothalamic dopaminergic neurons in male rats. Hormones and Behavior, 62(4),505-14.

- Teng, B.L. Nonneman, R.J. & Agster, K.L. (2013).Prosocial effects of oxytocin in two mouse models of autism spectrum disorders. Neuropharmacology, 72,187-96.

- Tollenaar, M.S. Chatzimanoli ,M. & Van der Wee, N.J. (2013).Enhanced orienting of attention in response to emotional gaze cues after oxytocin administration in healthy young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(9),1797-802.

- Van Steensel ,F.J.A. Bögels ,S.M. & Dirksen, C.D. (2012). Anxiety and Quality of Life: Clinically Anxious Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders Compared. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(6), 731–738.

- Viviani ,D. Charlet , A. & Van den Burg, E. (2011). Oxytocin selectively gates fear responses through distinct outputs from the central amygdala. Science, 333(6038),104-7.

27-  Wagenaar, D.A.  Hamilton, M.S. & Huang ,T. (2010). A Hormone-Activated Central Pattern Generator For Courtship. Current Biology , 20(6), 487–495.

- Winslow, J.T. Noble, P.L. & Lyons,C.K. (2003).Rearing effects on cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin concentration and social buffering in rhesus monkeys ,28(5),910-8.

-Wrobel, L.J. Reymond-Marron, I. & Dupré, A. (2010). Oxytocin and vasopressin enhance synaptic transmission in the hypoglossal motor nucleus of young rats by acting on distinct receptor types. Neuroscience, 165(3), 723-35.