Comparison of the Cardiac Structure and Function of Elite Weightlifters and Swimmers

Report of Health Care

مقاله 6، دوره 2، شماره 4، دی 2016، صفحه 41-48   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

نویسندگان

Rohollah Valizadeh^{* 1}؛ Masoud Nikbakht²؛ Rahmatollah khanmohammadi³

¹Department of Physical Education, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran

²Department of Sport Physiology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

³Department of Physical Education, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran

تاریخ دریافت: 22 فروردین 1395،  تاریخ بازنگری: 20 مرداد 1395،  تاریخ پذیرش: 17 شهریور 1395 

چکیده

Introduction: Heart is the second major component in the cardiovascular system that is affected by training. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiac structure and function of three groups of swimmers, weightlifters and non-athletes. Methods: The study was a causal comparative research. The statistical sample consisted of three groups of 10 including swimmers, weightlifters and non-athletes. Athletes were the elite swimming and weightlifting volunteers who participated voluntarily in this study. Inclusion criteria for athletes included a history of at least 5 years of regular exercise. After selecting the statistical samples, all participants took part in the echo-heart test in which they were given Color Doppler M-Mode echocardiography with coordination of an echocardiologist. For data analysis one way ANOVA and bonferroni test post hoc tests were used. The p-value was defined as p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results showed that LVIDs in the swimmers had a significant decrease (p = 0.01) compared to both weightlifters (p = 0.03) and non-athletes (p =0.02). However, there was no significant difference between weightlifters and non-athletes (p = 0.88).The results also revealed a significant increase in interventricular septal end diastole (IVSd) in the weightlifters compared to the swimmers (p = 0.02) and non-athletes (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference between left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) (p= 0.23), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (p = (0.70), left atrium dimensions (LAD) (p = 0.06), aortic root dimension (ARD) (p= 0.96), left ventricular posterior wall dimensions (LVPWD) (p = 0.17), heart rate (HR) (p = 0.80) and ejection fraction (EF) (p = 0.66) in the swimmers and weightlifters. Conclusion: Different changes in the cardiac structure and function of the swimmers and weightlifters are considered as physiological adjustments, and not cardiomyopathy. On the other hand, despite the different effects of strength and endurance exercises on the structure of the heart muscle, it seems that the cardiac performance of the athletes in the two disciplines are the same.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Heart؛ Swimmers؛ Weightlifters

مراجع

1. Prince SA, Saunders TJ, Gresty K, Reid RD. A comparison of the effectiveness of physical activity and sedentary behavior interventions in reducing sedentary time in adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled trials. Obes Rew. 2014; 15 (11): 905- 919.

2. Bloetzer C, Bovet P, Suris JC, Simeoni U, Paradis G, Chiolero A. Screening for cardiovascular disease risk factors beginning in childhood. PHR. 2015; 36 (1): 1- 9.

3. Caselli S, Maron MS, Urbano-Moral JA, Pandian NG, Maron BJ, Pelliccia A. Differentiating left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes from that in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2014; 114 (9): 1383- 1389.

4. Baggish AL. Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling: Competitive athletes are just the tip of the iceberg. Circ Cardiovasc Imag J. 2016; 9 (8): 1- 3.

5. Weiner RB, Baggish AL. Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling. Progress Cardiovas Dis. 2012; 54: 380- 386.

6. Kovacs R, Baggish AL. Cardiovascular adaptation in athletes. Trends Cardiovas Med. 2016; 26 (1): 46- 52.

7. Król W, Jędrzejewska I, Konopka M, Burkhard-Jagodzińska K, Klusiewicz A, Pokrywka A, et al. Left atrial enlargement in young high- level endurance athletes–another sign of athlete’s heart?. J Hum Kinet. 2016; 53 (1): 81- 90.

8. Ribeiro SM, Morceli J, Gonçalves RS, Franco RJ, Habermann F, Meira DA, et al. Accuracy of chest radiography plus electrocardiogram in diagnosis of hypertrophy in hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; 99 (3): 825- 833.

9. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. Introduction: eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities—general considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45 (8): 1318- 1321.

10. Nazmi N, Abdul Rahman MA, Yamamoto SI, Ahmad SA, Zamzuri H, Mazlan SA. A review of classification techniques of EMG signals during isotonic and isometric contractions. Sensors. 2016; 16 (8): 1304.

11. Morici G, Gruttad’Auria CI, Baiamonte P, Mazzuca E, Castrogiovanni A, Bonsignore MR. Endurance training: is it bad for you?. Breathe J. 2016; 12 (2): 140- 147.

12. Plowman SA, Smith DL. Exercise physiology for health fitness and

performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

13. Fernandes T, Baraúna VG, Negrão CE, Phillips MI, Oliveira EM. Aerobic exercise training promotes physiological cardiac remodeling involving a set of microRNAs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ. 2015; 309 (4): H543- 552.

14. Zuo L, Chuang CC, Hemmelgarn BT, Best TM. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: defining the function of ROS and NO. J Appl Physiol. 2015; 119 (8): 944- 951.

15. Vakilian F, Ghaderi F, Haghparast Hedayatabad F. Predictive role of diastolic echocardiographic findings in the outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. PSQI. 2016; 4 (1): 340- 343.

16. Chengode S. Left ventricular global systolic function assessment by echocardiography. Ann Card Anaesth. 2016; 19 (5): 26- 34.

17. Unver S, Kavlak E, Gümüsel HK, Celikbilek F, Esertas K, Muftuoglu T, et al. Correlation between hypervolemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and fibroblast growth factor 23 in hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure J. 2015; 37 (6): 951- 956.

18. Rawlins J, Bhan A, Sharma S. Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009; 10 (3): 350- 356.

19. Csajági E, Szauder I, Major Z, Pavlik G. Left ventricular morphology in different periods of the training season in elite young swimmers. Pediatric Exe Sci. 2015; 27 (2): 185- 191.

20. Khan AA, Safi L, Wood M. Cardiac imaging in athletes. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc J. 2016; 12 (2): 86- 92.

21. Lee BA, Oh DJ. The effects of long-term aerobic exercise on cardiac structure, stroke volume of the left ventricle, and cardiac output. J Exerc Rehab. 2016; 12 (1): 37- 41.

22. Szauder I, Kovács A, Pavlik G. Comparison of left ventricular mechanics in runners versus bodybuilders usingspeckle tracking echocardiography. Cardiovas Ultr J. 2015; 13 (1): 1- 7.

23. Oakley D. The athlete's heart. Heart J. 2001; 86 (6): 722- 726.

24. Hildick- Smith DJ, Shapiro LM. Echocardiographic differentiation of pathological and physiological left ventricular hypertrophy. Heart J. 2001; 85 (6): 615- 619.

25. Klabunde R. Cardiovascular physiology concepts. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.

26. McClean G, George K, Lord R, Utomi V, Jones N, Somauroo J, et al. Chronic adaptation of atrial structure and function in elite male athletes. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014; 16 (4): 417- 422.

27. Iskandar A, Mujtaba MT, Thompson PD. Left atrium size in elite athletes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015; 8 (7): 753- 762.

28. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Di Paolo FM, Biffi A, Quattrini FM, Pisicchio C, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46 (4): 690- 696.

29. D'andrea A, Riegler L, Cocchia R, Scarafile R, Salerno G, Gravino R, et al. Left atrial volume index in highly trained athletes. Am Heart J. 2010; 159 (6): 1155- 1161.