تحلیل فضایی ساختار کالبدی مساکن روستایی در شهرستان زنجان

فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

مقاله 7، دوره 10، شماره 38، مرداد 1399، صفحه 95-110   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

محمد تقی حیدری^{* 1}؛ مجید حضرتی²

¹استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

²کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

تاریخ دریافت: 23 آبان 1397،  تاریخ بازنگری: 26 خرداد 1398،  تاریخ پذیرش: 26 مهر 1398 

چکیده

      سکونتگاه­های روستایی پدیده های فضایی- مکانی می باشند که حاصل روابط متقابل انسان ها با یکدیگر و با محیط هستند. کالبد و مسکن روستایی بستر فعالیت انسان و پاسخی به نیازهای انسانی است و دخالت در آن نیازمند شناخت تمام عوامل مؤثر در شکل گیری و ویژگی های طراحی و ساخت آنهاست. این مقاله با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به ارزیابی و سنجش ساختار مسکن روستایی در روستاهای واقع در شهرستان زنجان می پردازد. برای گردآوری اطلاعات از روش کتابخانه ای و میدانی بهره گیری شده است. جامعه آماری نیز شامل روستاهای شهرستان زنجان است. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 374 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده اند. برای تحلیل داده ها از آزمون نیکوئی برازش، ماتریس سازگاری-وابستگی و رویکرد آینده پژوهی با کمک نرم افزار SPSS و MIC MAC استفاده شده است. یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که شاخص های «کیفیت مسکن از نظر جهت گیری ساختمانها و نورگیری» با 52/889 و «تعداد اتاق در واحد مسکونی» با آماره 55/9 بیشترین مطلوبیت را دارد. همچنین، طبق ماتریس سازگاری، بیشترین سازگاری در مولفه های «کیفیت مسکن از نظر جهت گیری ساختمانها و نورگیری» با ضریب 10.75 و «مساحت زیربنا» با ضریب 10.6 می باشد. درنتیجه، کیفیت ساختار کالبدی و مسکن روستایی در شهرستان زنجان در حال حرکت به سمت مطلوبیت است. چرا که جامعه آماری از وضعیت کیفیت مسکن و ساختار کالبدی-فضایی روستا، رضایت متوسط به بالا دارند. از طرفی، مدل تحلیل ساختار متقابل نیز نشان داد که طبق مولفه های دووجهی، شاخص های «الگوی توسعه»، «تعداد طبقات»، «کیفیت مسکن درمقابل بلایای طبیعی»، «نما و نوع مصالح ساختمانی»، «کیفیت ساختمان نظام تفکیک قطعات(دانه بندی)»، و «بد مسکنی» تعیین کننده اصلی پایداری مسکن هستند. و برای برنامه ریزی جهت ارتقاء کیفیت مسکن، این مؤلفه ها باید در اولویت قرار گیرند. بدین ترتیب، برای بهبود ساختار کالبدی مسکن روستایی، انتخاب استراتژیهای توسعه روستایی، متناسب با توان های محیطی و تکنولوژیکی روستا، ایجاد سکونتگاه های مرکزی با خدمات حوزه ای مناسب و بازنگری در توزیع خدمات و زیرساختها ضروری به نظر می رسد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ارزیابی؛ ساختار کالبدی؛ مسکن روستایی؛ شهرستان زنجان

عنوان مقاله [English]

Spatial Analysis of the Physical Structure of Sustainable Rural Housing (Case study: villages in Zanjan County)

نویسندگان [English]

mohammadtaghi Heidary¹؛ majid hazrati²

¹Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran

²M.Sc. in Geography and Rural Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Proper housing and bodywork in the villages after the Islamic Revolution has always been the demand of the people and the government's concerns and concerns. A review of the five-year post-revolution development plan confirms this demand and reflects the growing trend and significant increase in housing improvement plans and the improvement of the physical environment in the countryside. This paper uses descriptive-analytic method to evaluate and measure the structure of rural housing in villages located in Zanjan city. Library and field method has been used to collect information. The statistical population includes villages in Zanjan city. Using the Cochran formula, 374 people were selected as samples. To analyze the data, the fittest, compatibility matrix and dependence matrix and future study approach have been used with SPSS and MIC MAC software. The findings of the research show that the indicators of "quality of housing in terms of orientation of buildings and lighting" with 889.52 and "number of rooms in residential unit" with the highest statistics of 9.55 are the most desirable. Also, according to compatibility matrix, the most compatibility is in the components of "quality of housing in terms of building orientation and lighting" with a coefficient of 10.75 and "area of ​​the infrastructure" with a coefficient of 10.6. According to the futuristic approach, the "development pattern", "infrastructure area", and "quality of housing from the point of view" indicators are most strongly associated with other indicators of housing quality. As a result, these three components are effective and decisive for improving housing in the future villages of the city. In order to improve the physical structure of rural housing, choosing rural development strategies appropriate to the environmental and technological capabilities of the village, creating central settlements with appropriate area services and reviewing the distribution of services and infrastructure seems necessary.
 
Extended abstract
Introduction: Rural settlements are spatial-spatial phenomena that are the result of human interactions with one another and with the environment. Rural housing and housing are the bedrock of human activity and a response to human needs, and their involvement requires knowledge of all the factors influencing their formation and design and construction characteristics. In the field of rural housing, the Sustainable Development Approach, with an all-encompassing approach, with respect to human-nature relations, has addressed the status of housing and how it is adapted to nature. In this regard, sustainable housing is defined as a housing that is economically viable, socially acceptable, technically and physically feasible, environmentally friendly and sustainable. Because over time, with the changing structural-functional mechanisms of the villages and the emergence of new needs for the villagers, if rural housing fails to adapt to the conditions of the time and place of its residential community, it will inevitably lead to social welfare, development and underdevelopment. Eventually the rural emigration will leave that place.
Methodology: This article is a descriptive-analytical study that evaluates and measures the structure of rural housing in villages of the Zanjan County. The library and field method were used for data collection. The statistical population includes the villages of Zanjan County. Using Cochran formula 374 people were selected as sample. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square goodness of fit test, and dependency matrix and interaction effects approach with the help of Excel, SPSS, and MIC MAC software. At first, goodness-of-fit test was used to assess the status of physical indicators of rural housing based on the results of the questionnaire. Then, using the adaptation and dependency matrix, the physical-spatial structure status of rural housing was investigated. Next, using the cross-structure analysis approach, the location of sustainable housing indicators based on current trends in the future as well as the infrastructures affecting the sustainability of the physical dimensions of housing were identified as proponents.
Results and discussion: The results show that among the components of the physical-spatial structure of rural housing, the indicators of "housing quality in terms of building orientation and orientation" with 889.52 and "number of rooms in residential unit" with 9.55 highest It is desirable. The study of physical housing status of rural housing in Zanjan also showed that the index of "housing status in terms of residential services" with 18.766% was the most desirable index and "housing quality in terms of housing and building equipment" with 168 points. / 5% has the least utility. In addition, according to the compatibility assessment of the physical-spatial structure of rural housing, the highest consistency in the components of "housing quality in terms of orientation of buildings and lighting" with coefficient 10.75 and "underlying area" with coefficient 10.6, and the highest degree of dependence on rural environment belonged to The components are "Infrastructure Area", "Building Skeleton", "Number of Floors", "Housing Neighborhood", "Quality of Housing in terms of comfort". Finally, the result of cross-structure analysis with futures research approach showed that the indicators of "development pattern", "number of floors", "quality of housing against natural disasters", "facade and type of building materials", "quality of the system of fragmentation “(aggregation), And "bad housing" In addition to being influenced by other components, they also have a significant impact on other components and are perpetuating the situation. On the other hand, the indicators of "housing quality in terms of buildings orientation and lighting", "housing proximity to housing", "homelessness", and "building age" are most unstable. And in the future, it seems that the situation is not very favorable in the villages under study. In contrast, indicators of "development pattern", "infrastructure area", and "quality of housing in terms of comfort" have the strongest and most effective relationship with other indicators of housing quality. As a result, these three indicators are crucial to improving future housing in rural areas. And these three indicators should be emphasized in housing planning. Given the field's analytical and research findings, the findings appear to be consistent with some previous studies. Because the results of Chogoiley (2007) emphasize improving employment opportunity and income; Vincent and Joseph (2011) emphasize the increasing role of the private sector in the form of venture capital. Therefore, most research on the relationship between housing quality and economic and livelihood indicators (Kumar, 2017; Tabrizi et al., 2014); unsuccessful implementation of Rural Development Program (GAO et al., 2017; Shams & Gamar, 2015) policies; The architectural infrastructure of native design (Fatahi et al., 2016) emphasizes.
Conclusion: According to the aims and main question of the research, the goodness-of-fit model showed that the quality of physical structure and rural housing in Zanjan County is moving towards desirability. The statistical population is satisfied with the quality of housing and the physical-spatial structure of the village. On the other hand, the cross-structure analysis model also showed that, according to the two-dimensional components, the indicators of "development pattern", "number of floors", "quality of housing against natural disasters", "facade and type of building materials", "quality of building system of segregation system" Components (grading), and "bad housing" are key determinants of housing stability. And for planning to improve housing quality, these indicators must be a priority. As a result, the following are required to improve conditions:

In selecting rural development plans and strategies, environmental and technological capabilities, cultural and social conditions, and physical distances of each other and the central County must be taken into account;
Improving the quantitative and qualitative level of infrastructure, services, demographic and natural constraints and barriers in the area;
Study and implementation of structural projects to organize the system of population settlement and distribution in the region in line with socio-economic plans;
Establishment of central settlements with appropriate area services in areas further away from the central County, to meet the needs of neighboring settlements;
Overview of the distribution of services and infrastructures in order to establish and maintain a hierarchical system of rural settlements.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

evaluation, physical structure, rural housing, Zanjan city

مراجع

1. Annabestani, Ali Akbar & Javanshiri, Mehdi (2019): Analysis of the Effect of Modern Architecture on the Physical Security of Rural People in Rural Settlements (Case Study: Binalood County). Journal of Regional Planning Science, 9 (33), pp. 105-124. (in Persian)
2. Bemaniyan, Mohammad Reza and Saleh, Elham (2011): A Conceptual Study of Iranian Gardening in Phenomenological Approach to Landscape Architecture, Genealogy and Indexing, Urban Management. Tehran. No. 28. pp. 61-80. (in Persian)
3. Charles, L. (2007): Choguill, The search for policies to support sustainable housing, Journal of Habitant International, 31, Pp. 143-149.
4. Collins, Peter (2016): The Transformation of Ideals in Architecture, translation by Hossein Hassanpour, Drop Publishing, Tehran.
5. Eisenman, Peter (1998): Letter to Tadeo Ando, ​​Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, No. 465.
6. Ghadiri Masoum, Mojtaba (2011): Analyzing the Role of Government in Rural Housing in Development Plans (Case Study: Fourth Development Plan of Iran), Ahar Geographic Space, Eleventh Year, No. 34 Summer(in Persian)
7. Habibi, Mohsen and Ahri, Zahra (2009): Design Study Report, Housing Quality Issues, Housing Development and Urban Development, Housing and Urban Development, Tehran. (in Persian)
8. Iran Statistics Center (2016): General Census of Population and Housing of Zanjan Province, Iran Statistics Center Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)
9. Gateei Kalashami, Zahra and Kabiri, Fateh (2016): Evaluation and Pathology of Rural Housing Policy in Post-Islamic Revolution Development Plans of Iran, Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, Volume 35, Number 155, pp. 60-51(in Persian)

10.   Kalinz,peter (2016), The Transformation of Ideals in Architecture, translation by Hossein Hassanpour, Droplet Publishing, Tehran. (in Persian)

11. Kim, j. (2014): Sustainable Architecture Module: Introduction to Sustainable Design, National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education. Michigan.
12. Lotfi, Heydar (2009): Essential Indicators and Components in Rural Housing Planning and Policy Making in Iran, Geography and Statistics Quarterly, Volume 2, Number 7, pp. 128- 105. (in Persian)
13. Mahmoodi, Mohammad Mehdi (2009): Housing Development in harmony with Sustainable Development, First Edition, Tehran University Press, Tehran. (in Persian)
14. Maleki, Saeed (2009): Investigation of the Role of Social Housing Indicators in Rural Areas of Ahvaz City, Journal of Housing and the Environment, No. 8, pp. 18-1. (in Persian)
15. Millogo, Y. & Morel, J.C. & Aubert, J.E. & Ghavami, K. (2014): Experimental analysis of pressed adobe blocks reinforced with hibiscus cannabinus fibers Constr. Build. Mater. 52, pp. 71-78.
16. Niroumand, Hamed. & Zain, M. & Jamil, M. (2013): Various types of earth buildings, Procedia – Social Behav. Sci., 89, pp. 226-230.
17. Norberg–Schultz, C (2007): The Phenomenon of Place, In: Kate, Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture, An Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965 – 1995, and New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
18. Peter, K., & Ashgate, A. (2005): A Social Philosophy of Housing, Habitat International, Vol. 29, Pp 54-71.
19. Razvani, Mohammad Reza (2016): An Introduction to Rural Development Planning in Iran, Tehran: Ghooms Publications. (in Persian)
20. Rezaei Rad, Hadi (2012): Assessing the Quality of Housing in Sabzevar City Using Factor Analysis Method; Letter of Architecture and Urban Development; Volume 4, Number 8; Spring and Summer, pp. 95-110. (in Persian)
21. Saeedi, Abbas (2015): Basics of Rural Geography, Khome Publications, Tehran(in Persian)
22. Sajjadi, Jila and Yadegi Yeganeh, Farid (2015): The Role of Local Community Participation in Sustainable Social Development of Cities (Case Study: Sarpetpole - Sanandaj City). Journal of Regional Planning Science, 7 (28), pp. 151-166. (in Persian)
23. Sartipipour, Mohsen (2010): An Analytical Study of Rural Housing in Iran, Journal of Safeh, Volume 19 (49); pp. 47-60(in Persian)
24. Sartipipour, Mohsen (2012): Localism Approach in Iranian Rural Architecture, Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development. 1st year. No. 2, pp. 146-129. (in Persian)
25. Sattarzadeh, Davood (2009): Housing Indicators in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Zagros Geographical Perspective Quarterly, Volume 1, Number 1, pp. 102-90. (in Persian)
26. Shakoor, Ali and Karimi Ghotbabadi, Fazlollah and Maleki, Mohammad (2015): Risk Analysis of Human Residential Vulnerability to Earthquake (Case Study: Villages of Lamerd County). Journal of Regional Planning, 7 (26), 81-92. (in Persian)
27. Shamsaddini, Ali (2008): The Rural Housing Position in Influencing Physical-Spatial Changes of Villages on Urban Environment, Journal of Rural Housing; Second Volume, No. 124, pp. 40-51(in Persian)
28. Shamsaddini, Ali and Ahmadian Fard, Karam and Masoud Kavousi, Iran (2015): Investigation of the situation of security against robbery and identification of its determinants in rural settlements of Ravansar. Journal of Regional Planning, 7 (27), 61-74. (in Persian)
29. UN-HABITAT (2005): Slams of the World: the face of Urban Poverty in the New Millennium, Edited by R. P. Pama et al, Vol. III.
30. Uszkai, A. (2015): sppatial integration and identity: cases of border regions. GAI International Academic Conferences Proceedings Prague, Czech Republic, Nov 04, pp: 24-36.
31. Zandieh, Mehdi and Hesari, Pedram (2012): Continuing Rural Housing Architecture with Rural Sustainable Development Motivation, Journal of Housing and Rural Environment. No. 138. pp. 72-63. (in Persian)
32. Zanjani, Habibollah (2015): Population and Development, Tehran: Iran Center for Urban Studies and Architecture. (in Persian)