رتبه‌بندی کیفی و تحلیل فضاهای پیاده شهری با رویکرد عدالت فضایی (مورد مطالعه: پنج مسیر پرتردد شهر همدان)

فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری

مقاله 8، دوره 11، شماره 41، مرداد 1399، صفحه 113-130   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

احسان پایاب¹؛ سید محمد رضا خطیبی^{* 2}؛ حسین سلطانزاده³؛ مریم معینی فر⁴

¹دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران.

²استادیارشهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران.

³دانشیارمعماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

⁴استادیار شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، قزوین، ایران

تاریخ دریافت: 01 مرداد 1398،  تاریخ بازنگری: 19 مهر 1398،  تاریخ پذیرش: 26 مهر 1398 

چکیده

امروزه رشـد سریع شهرنشینی و وسایل نقلیه شخصی به نفع سواره‌ها، مسأله افت جدی کیفیت ‌فضاهای پیاده شهری و توزیع ناعادلانه آنها از این لحاظ را مطرح کرده ‌است. هدف اصلی پژوهش، افزایش مطلوبیت و کاهش شکاف کیفی در پنج مسیر پیاده پرتردد همدان است. معیارهای ارزیابی شده : کیفیت فرم، فضا، کاربری، محیط‌زیست، وضعیت اجتماعی، ترافیک و زیرشاخص‌های مرتبط به آنها بودند. روش تحقیق توصیفی– تحلیلی و نوع آن کاربردی است. داده‌های تحقیق حاصل مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، مشاهدات میدانی و تکمیل پرسشنامه توسط 15 نفر از کارشناسان مسلط به موضوع است. به منظور رتبه‌بندی کیفی مورد مطالعه، از فرآیند تحلیل شبکه و مدل ویکور بهره گرفته‌ شد. یافته­ها، گویای رتبه اول کیفی مسیر پیاده بوعلی پایین با امتیاز  (0) است. مسیرهای پیاده اِرم، مهدیه بالا، اکباتان و پاستور به ترتیب با امتیازهای 2637/0، 5247/0، 9380/0 و 9497/0 در رده‌های بعدی قرارگرفتند. دلایل اصلی مثبت و منفی تاثیرگذار بر رتبه‌های کیفی اخذ شده، متناسب با شاخص‌های تحقیق، تحلیل شد. بعلاوه، شاخص‌های زیست‌محیطی و فرمی با اوزان (402/0) و (038/0) بیشترین و کمترین اهمیت را به ترتیب داشتند. نتیجه کلی پژوهش بیانگر کیفیت فضایی نامتوازن مسیرهای یاد شده‌است، هرچند در برخی معیارها این توالی مشاهده نمی‌شود. ریشه‌های فرا کالبدی مثل لایه‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و همچنین نظام مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی از بالا به پایین، ضوابط منطقه‌بندی و تجمیع انواع سرمایه‌گذاری در مسیر‌های برخوردار، سهم بسزایی در نتایج بدست آمده داشته‌اند. در پایان متناسب با سطح نیاز و استحقاق هر مسیر به افزایش کیفیت در معیارهای مورد ارزیابی، پیشنهادات کاربردی ارائه شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

فضاهای پیاده شهری؛ عدالت فضایی؛ مولفه‌های کیفی؛ شهر همدان؛ مدل ویکور

عنوان مقاله [English]

The qualitative ranking and analysis of urban walking spaces with spatial justice approach (case study: Five busy pedestrian routes in Hamadan)

نویسندگان [English]

ehsan payab¹؛ sied mohammad reza khatibie²؛ Hossein Soltanzadeh³؛ Maryam moinifar⁴

¹Ph.D. Student of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning ,Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

²Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and urban planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

³Department of Architecture and urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and urban planning , Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University ,Tehran ,Iran

⁴Department of Urban Planning,Faculty of Architecture and urban planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

چکیده [English]

Today fast urban growth and personal vehicles in benefit of riders, causes serious drop problems of quality in urban pedestrian spaces and their injustice distribution. The main aim of paper is increasing of desirability and decrease of qualitative divide in five busy walking paths in Hamedan. Evaluated criteria were quality of form, space, function, ecosystem, sociality and traffic. The method of research is descriptive-analytical with practical kind. The data is from documental studies, field observation and completing questionnaire by 15 people of predominant experts. In order to qualitative rank of case study, It is used of ANP and VICOR model. Findings demonstrate the first rank of Down Buali walking path with point of  (0). Eram, Up Mahdieh, Ekbatan and Pastor pedestrian routes stay in next categories with points of 0.2638, 0.5247, 0.9380 and 0.9497 respectively. The main positive and negative reasons for obtained ranks analyzed, based on research indicators. Moreover, environmental and formal indicators with (0.402) and (0.038) weights have had maximum and minimum importance respectively.The total result of paper illustrate injustice spatial quality in mentioned routes, However, there is not this sequence in some of criteria. The over physical roots such as economical, social, also management and planning systems from up to down and zoning regulations and aggregation of different kinds of investment in enjoyed paths, have had a great share in obtained results. Finally, it is presented applied suggestions in fit of the need and merit of each route to increasing of quality in evaluated criteria.
Extensive Abstract:
Introduction:
Today fast urbanization growth and personal vehicles in benefit of riders, causes serious problem of dropping of the quality of the urban environment and pedestrian spaces. Furthermore, these spaces do not have qualitative justice distribution. The main aim of this paper is increasing of desirability and decrease of spatial qualitative divide in five busy walking paths in Hamedan.In recent years building walkways has been changed a inclusive movement and its results is the most successful and unsuccessful examples of walkways in different cities in country. Moreover, Injustice development in national, regional and urban scales has been seen in Iran and spatial justice has been an important subject in Iran urban planning. Injustice distribution of urban walking spaces in developing countries like Iran, Specially in qualitative point of view, has a vital role in spatial unsustainability. Iran's standards in this subject are very limited and mostly hard and only quantitative. The most researchers use of GIS or Walk Score help and quantitative criteria to measure spatial justice, that they are usually failed, Because urban spaces and specially walking spaces are heterogeneous in terms of quality. This phenomenon shows the necessity of case studies in this ground.It has not assessed up to now in Iran, the quality of urban walking spaces and their spatial distribution of these spaces in this paper's case study  simultaneously, (namely five busy pedestrian routes: Down Buali, Ekbatan, Eram, Up Mahdieh and Pastor in city of Hamedan), that this is from innovative facets of this paper. The main question of this research is: How are the qualitative distribution of urban walking space in research's case study?
Methodology:
The method of research is descriptive- analytical with kind of practical in terms of aim. The research data is from documental studies, field observation and completing questionnaire by 15 people of predominant experts to this subject. In order to qualitative rank of case study, It is used of ANP and VIKOR model. First it is wanted of urban planning experts from different branches form universities to professional environments, to point the qualitative criteria of pedestrian spaces. Evaluated criteria were the quality of form, space, function, ecosystem, sociality and traffic. After specifying the weight of each criteria, These row data enter the VIKOR model. As result of long and complicated calculation of ANP and VIKOR model, It is used of super decision software for input and outcome data.
Results and Discussion:
The quality ranking of pedestrian routes of case study had done by ANP and VIKOR model in seven steps. Results of ANP show that: from experts idea environment criteria has the most importance with weight (0.402) and form criteria has the least importance with weight (0.038) in the quality of walking paths of research's case study. Furthermore, incompatibility rate (0.013) illustrates observing the abusive relationship between data. The final quality ranking of pedestrian routs of case study by VIKOR model based on the measure of    had done, namely the least quantity had obtained the maximum rank. Based on results of calculations Down Buali walkway with point  (0) has the best quality rank and Eram,Up Mahdieh, Ekbatan and Pastor pedestrian routes stay in next categories with points of 0.2638, 0.5247, 0.9380 and 0.9497 respectively. The results of VIKOR model show the lack of quality balance in walking paths of case study. In order to deep understanding of main reasons of obtaining of above ranks and gaining the suitable strategies for regeneration of spatial quality of walking routes of case study, the analysis of research findings had done in fit of research's criteria in below table. Before of it, we should remember that walking paths with better rank, usually are in reach region of Hamedan city (one region of municipality). This region has more efficiency and more attraction to investment for developing of properties and simultaneously are more enjoined region in terms of different kinds of supporting of non-integrated management of city.
Conclusion:
Findings demonstrate the first quality spatial rank of Down Buali walking path. Eram, Up Mahdieh, Ekbatan and Pastor pedestrian routes stay in next categories . The main  positive and negative reasons for obtained ranks analyzed, based on research indicators .The total result of paper illustrate the injustice spatial quality in mentioned routes, However, there is not this sequence in some of criteria. The over physical roots such as economical, social  and cultural situation also urban management and planning systems from up to down and zoning regulations and aggregation of different kinds of investment in enjoyed paths, has had a great share in obtained results.
The below applied strategies is presented in fit of the need and the merit level of each route to increasing of spatial quality in evaluated criteria.The Pastor pedestrian path: Designing and performance of walking path with suitable quality and enough widths and to limit of motorized transportation to public ones in peak hours.Ekbatan walkway: The increasing of security and Permeability, promoting of public transportation to support pedestrians, retailers. Moreover, inclusive Linking physical and social of walkway again, specially with old Hamedan bazaar , adjacent worn fabrication and the remain of city. Specifically between Jameh mosque and Hegmatane ancient hill. Up Mahdieh pedestrian rout: The consensus of urban management to link of Buali university edge to walking spaces by attractive functions specifically retailers, Furthermore, increasing the continuity of route and also promoting the urban furniture from Buali hospital side.Eram walkway: Specific design for harmonious building in terms of form, However It should been protected existence nature, Plus public transportation should support pedestrians in official hours and night life   of route. Buali walkway: To prepare electrical tram in this rout and to promote public transportation in the two end of paths.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Urban Walking Spaces, spatial justice, Qualitative criteria, City Of Hamadan, VICOR model

مراجع

- Abbaszadeh, S, Tamary, S (2012): Analysis of Factors Affecting the Improvement of Pedestrian Walkway Spatial Quality and Pedestrian-oriented Spaces, in order to Increase the Social Interactions Level of People (The case study: Tarbiat & Valiasr axis, Tabriz metropolitan). urban study , 1(4), 95-104.]Persian[

2- Akbarzadeh, A., Ahmadi, H., Azadeh, R. (2016): Evaluation the desirability of urban sidewalk based on qualitative factors Case study: Alam al-Hoda sidewalk in Rasht city. journal of research and planning , 7(25), 125-140.]Persian[   

3- Altman, Irwin (2003). The environment and social behavior, Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, Crowding, translated by dr. Ali namzian, Tehran, Shahid  beheshti university publication.]Persian[

4- Bereitschaft, B. (2017): Equity in Microscale Urban Design and Walkability: A Photographic Survey of Six Pittsburgh Streetscapes. Sustainability, 9(7), 1233, 1-20.

5 - Center of statistics of Iran (2019). National website of statistics, The public census of souls and housing from 1956 to 2016, available at: https://www.amar.org.ir. ]Persian[    

6- dadashpoor, H. Alvandipoor, N (2016). Spatial Justice in Urban Scale in Iran; Meta- Study of Selected Articles’ Theoretical Framework. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi, 21(3), 67-80.]Persian[

7- Davodpoor, Z, Niknia, M (2011): Upgrade and renovation urban Worn texture an strategy toward access to physical dimension of urban sustainable development (case study: Worn texture of Sajjadieh neighborhood), Environment based territorial planning, 4(15), 31-59.]Persian[

8- Ebrahimzadeh, I., Istgaldi, M., Hajizadeh, F. (2019): Analysis and Prioritization of Indicators of Urban Development Strategy In the neighborhoods of the eight district of Shiraz. Geography and Sustainability of Environment, 9(1), 1-17. ]Persian[

9- Ebrahimzadeh, I., esfandyarimehni, H. (2018): Examining Impact of Pedestrian Zones Establishment on Sustainable Tourism Development (Case Study Panzdah-e-Khordad pedestrian in Iran). urban tourism, 5(3), 131-142.]Persian[

10- Eslampour, S., Sajadzadeh, H. (2019): Priorities of Pedestrian-oriented Affordance in City Streets, Case Study: Comparison of Six Streets of the Central Fabric of Hamedan. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 11(25), 265-277.]Persian[

11- Etesam,E., Nori, MJ. (2017): Explaining the reasons of failure to make walkways in Iran. Case study: 17 shahrivar walkway, soffeh, 47(76), 89-108.]Persian[

12- Ewing, R., & Handy, S. (2009): Measuring the immeasurable: Urban design - qualities related to walkability. Journal of Urban design, 14(1), 65-84.

13- Fallah Manshadi, E., Habibi, S., Roohi, A. (2012): Pedestrian Zones: From Vision to Action Evaluation of Pedestrian Zone in Tehran Bazzar.letter of architecture and urban planning , 5(9), 45-63.]Persian[

14- Ghorbanpour, M., Zali, N., Yourdkhani, M., Azadeh, S. (2018): Evaluation of Effective Factors on Strengthening Vitality of Urban Walkways (Case Study: Alam-Al-Hoda Walkway in Rasht). Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 13(1), 105-123.]Persian[

15- Habibi, SM, (2001): Tourism pedestrian path, Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba, 9, 43-51.]Persian[

16- Hatami, Y., Zakerhaghighi, K. (2017): Evaluation of the effect of the quality of the urban environment on the social relations of space use (case study: Abu Ali Sina .]Persian[walkway in Hamedan). journal of research and planning, 8(30), 245-266.]Persian[

17- Kim, Y. J., & Woo, A. (2016): What’s the score? Walkable environments and subsidized households. Sustainability, 8(4), 396, 1-20.

18-Mateo-Babiano, I. (2016): Pedestrian's needs matter: Examining Manila's walking environment. Transport Policy, 45, 107-115.

19- Ministry of housing and urban planning, (1996). Regulations of designing of urban routes in Iran, 10 topic (pedestrian paths) , group of authors, Tehran.]Persian[ 

20- Moeini, SMM, (2006): Increasing walkability, a step towards more humane urban, Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba , 27, 5-16.]Persian[

21- Nasiri hendeh khaleh, E. (2018): Spatial inequalities in the distribution of urban services with spatial justice approach using VIKOR model. Geographical Planning of Space, 8(28), 133-154.]Persian[ 

22- Pormokhtar, Ahmad (2013): Assessment of walkability level in Cahar Bagh street of Isfahan and its impact on social interactions of citizens, Journal Of Studies On Iranian Islamic City, 3(11),91-100.]Persian[  

23- Ranjbar, E., Rais Esmaili, F. (2010): Quality Assessment of Pedestrian Streets in Iran Case Study: Saf(Sepahsalar), Tehran. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi, 2(42), 83-93.]Persian[

24- saffarirad, A., shams, M. (2018): A comparative study of walking capability’s level in the of urban neighborhoods.(A case study: criteria of old and new neighborhoods in the city of Rasht). Environment based territorial planning , 10(39), 183-204.]Persian[

25- Sarkheli, E., Khanizadeh, M., GHolami, E. (2015): Analyze and Evaluate the Quality of a City Sidewalk with an Emphasis on Comfort for Pedestrians (Case Study: Erfan Sidewalk (Hafeziyeh) Shiraz). Road, 23(84), 139-154.]Persian[

26- Sheikhi, H., Rezaei, M. (2017): Evaluating environmental quality of walking- based urban spaces and social responding (case study: Ferdowsi Street of Ilam). Environment based territorial planning , 8(29), 83-98.]Persian[

27- Shojaee, D., Partovi, P. (2015): Analysis of Factors Affecting the Creation and Promotion of Sociability in Public Spaces in Different Scales of Tehran City (Case studies: Two Neighborhoods and an Area in District 7 Tehran). The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar, 12(34), 93-108.]Persian[

28- skandarpour, M., Kouzegar Kalegi, L., Hanifi Asl, Y., Sheikhkanlooye Milan, N. (2017): The Analysis of urban public spaces function with walking-oriented goals (Case study: The central portion of Uremia Metropolitan). The quarterly of studies urban structure and function , 4(14), 118-140.]Persian[

29- Southworth, M. (2005): Reinventing main street: From mall to townscape mall. Journal of Urban Design, 10(2), 151-170.

30- Su, S., Zhou, H., Xu, M., Ru, H., Wang, W., & Weng, M. (2019): Auditing street walkability and associated social inequalities for planning implications. Journal of Transport Geography, 74, 62-76.

31- Tsou, K. W., Hung, Y. T., & Chang, Y. L. (2005): An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities. Cities, 22(6), 424-435.

32- Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014): Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and urban planning, 125, 234-244.

33- Wood, D., & Brooks, A. (2009): Fostering Equitable and Sustainable Transit-Oriented Development. Briefing Papers for a Convening on Transit-Oriented Development. New York, NY: Center for Transit-Oriented Development, Living Cities, and Boston College’s Institute for Responsible Investment, 1-56.