بررسی سیاست‌های حقوقی تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی با تأکید بر حفظ حریم شهرها و توسعه کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شمیرانات)

فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

مقاله 11، دوره 10، شماره 38، مرداد 1399، صفحه 161-1780   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

محمد پارسا^{* 1}؛ امیر وطنی²؛ عباس کریمی³

¹دانشجوی دکتری رشته فقه و حقوق جزا، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

²استادیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

³استاد دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت: 29 اردیبهشت 1398،  تاریخ بازنگری: 20 مرداد 1398،  تاریخ پذیرش: 20 مرداد 1398 

چکیده

       گستردگی ابعاد تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی یکی از چالش­های جدی پیش روی کشاورزی پایدار بوده و شناسایی عوامل اثرگذار بر آن یکی از مباحث مهم است. در همین راستا، در سال 1374 و با اصلاحاتی در سال 1385 تغییر کاربری اراضی زراعی و باغ­ها را در خارج از بافت قانونی روستاها و در حریم شهرها که باعث از بین رفتن زمین‌های کشاورزی می‌شود، جرم تلقی کرده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش شناساندن آثار و تبعات تصمیم­های حقوقی و قضایی منجر به قلع‌وقمع بنای احداثی بر حفظ و توسعه کشاورزی است. پژوهش حاضر با روش کتابخانه­ای و مروری بر منابع مرتبط با موضوع و همچنین به صورت میدانی و با ابزار­های مشاهده و مصاحبه انجام شده است. روش کار این پژوهش با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و از لحاظ هدف کاربردی می‌باشد. در این پژوهش ابعاد مختلف کالبدی، اقتصادی- اجتماعی، زیست‌محیطی و مدیریتی- حقوقی بررسی شده است و یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که در بخش کالبدی؛ رها شدن زمین با کسب امتیاز (878/0)، در بخش اقتصادی- اجتماعی؛ کاهش بازدهی محصولات کشاورزی با امتیاز (555/0)، در بخش زیست‌محیطی؛ تغییر چشم‌انداز طبیعی اراضی با امتیاز (681/0) و در نهایت در بخش مدیریتی- حقوقی؛ ضعف قوانین با کسب امتیاز (572/0) در جایگاه‌های اول واقع شده‌اند و جز مهم‌ترین و اثرگذارترین شاخص‌ها شناخته شده‌اند و نقش مهمی بر روی زمین‌های کشاورزی به خاطر تخریب ساختمان و نخاله‌های حاصل از آن دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تصمیم‌های حقوقی و قضایی؛ قلع‌وقمع؛ اراضی کشاورزی؛ حریم شهر؛ شمیرانات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of Legal Policies of Agricultural Land Use Change with Emphasis on Cities Privacy, Agricultural Preservation and Development (Case Study: Shemiranat County)

نویسندگان [English]

Mohammad Parsa¹؛ amir vatani²؛ Abas Karimi³

¹kharazmi University

²Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

³Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The extent of land use change dimensions is one of the major challenges facing sustainable agriculture and identifying the factors affecting it is one of the important issues. In this regard, in 1995 and with amendments in 2006, it was considered a crime to change land use and gardens outside the legal context of the villages and in the cities privacy, which would destroy agricultural land. The main purpose of this research is to identify the effects and consequences of legal and judicial decisions leading to the destruction of the construction building on agricultural conservation and development. The present study was conducted through a library method and a review of relevant resources with subject as well as field survey and observation and interview tools. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical and it is applied in terms of purpose. This study investigates various dimensions of physical, socio-economic, environmental and managerial-legal and the research findings show that in the physical sector؛ land abandonment, in the socio- economic sector؛ reducing the productivity of agricultural crops, in the environmental sector؛ natural Landscape change of lands and ultimately, in the management-legal sector, the weaknesses of the laws are among the most important and effective indicators and play an important role on agricultural lands due to the destruction of buildings and wastes of it.
Introduction
Land is a natural resource, and the efficiency of any ecosystem depends on the type and quality of land use. Also, the future of nation can be predicted based on how it is used. Dramatic changes in agricultural land use have taken place with the growth of population and the industrialization of human societies. This issue is more important in developing countries because of the weak management and the disruption of the political and economic structure. Rapid economic growth and accelerated growth of urban centers, inadequate government policies, and lack of adequate oversight are factors that are driving from the process of land use change. This change have impressive results on environment. Increasing environmental awareness and the effort for sustainable management of natural resources require the study and monitoring of land use, land cover, variations for time scales at different locations. This article first explores the legal and judicial decisions, and then the impacts of it and the expression of the relationship between agricultural land use conservation and agricultural development, as well as ways to prevent the negative effects of legal and judicial decisions, are discussed. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question of what impacts buildings and waste products have on agricultural land?
Methodology
This research is a descriptive-analytical research and based on its purpose is applied. The method of gathering information according to the nature of the topic was first examined by using the library method based on the topic-related resources. In this way, a number of indicators related to the factors were identified and then field observation and interview tools were used to organize the data. The statistical population includes experts of ministry of agricultural-Jahad, experts of natural resources organization, experts of environmental Protection organization, experts of Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution organization and Convicts who refuse to collect materials left over.In the first stage, interviews were conducted with experts and managers for a comprehensive and integrated view of the situation, and in a second stage, questionnaire was designed. The questionnaire was used to assess the effectiveness of each of the dimensions and components in the Likert range of five options, from very high to very low impact options. Finally, the number of experts was 30 and the number of convicts was 24.Also, Topsis was used for their analysis.
Results and discussion
The demolition of buildings by judicial decisions and the resulting rubbish will have a great impact on the agricultural land which cause problems in the agricultural sector, So that if these rubbish is not collected, it could have an adverse impact on agricultural land in the not too distant future. In this regard, the results of the TOPSIS model show that the land release indicator is in the first place and indicates the extent of its effect among the physical indicator. The second indicator in the physical sector is the decline in agricultural land use change, which is in a second place and shows its importance. Finally, the access problem is in third place.
Waste from the demolition of buildings is also important in the socio-economic sector and can affect different sectors of agriculture, because a pile of construction debris on agricultural land can affect different economic and social sectors as well as providing undesirable results. In this regard, the results show that the component of decreasing the productivity of agricultural products with a score of 0.555 is in the first place which indicates its importance and influence over other components. The second component is the devaluation of the land's economic value, which is caused by the accumulation of waste in agricultural land. Component of infrastructure implementation costs for land use change was in third place, showing its importance over other components. The consequences of the demolition of buildings by judicial decisions and the rubbish that results on arable land could have implications for the environment of the area. Ignoring the environmental issue at the regional level can be critical and cause many problems, especially in the area of ​​environmental health. Protecting of this space, preventing of them from being converted into residential spaces and conserve ecological potential are important. However, this issue needs to be addressed in the context of environmental criteria that consider the sustainability of ecological structures, processes and functions. Therefore, the results of the TOPSIS model show that the debris of the construction changes the natural landscape, pollutes the land and destroys the green space that they show the importance of each of them in the agricultural lands. Results of the legal and management sectors show that the weakness of the rules with the highest score is in the first place and this indicator has played an important role among the indicators studied. The weakness of the state apparatus supervision is second stage. Finally, the weakness of the punishment for change of user is in third place.
Conclusion
Land use change for more urban builders is an important example of human impact on the environment that causes structural changes in the social, economic and physical dimensions of the towns in the area. It can be concluded from the research findings that the indicator of land use change in Iran especially in Shemiranat city in Tehran province is increasing. Given the crime of unauthorized alteration of agricultural land and gardens, this crime is being investigated in two criminal courts in the land. In cases of committing a crime, Offender is punished with a fine of cash and tin and the demolition of buildings.Based on note 10, article 10 of the Law on ministry of agricultural-Jahad laws may demolish a construction site in cases where land use change operations are in progress and have been suspended. Observations at sites that have resulted from both legal and destroyed building decisions indicate that construction materials and debris from the demolition remain in place and are not being collected. In practice, this causes the use of agricultural land to remain unprotected and in the privacy of cities to lose the necessary capabilities and efficiency. In this regard, the results of the multi-criteria decisions indicated that in the legal-managerial sector, indicators such as weakness of laws and control of state institutions and weakness of penalties for change of use are the most important ones. In economic and social sector, components such as reducing in efficiency of agricultural productions, and also decreasing in economic value of land show that their most important impact is the destruction of buildings on agricultural land. In the environmental sector, the presence of indicators such as changes in the natural landscape of lands and land pollution had the greatest impact after the demolition of buildings on agricultural lands. In the physical aspect, indicators such as land abandonment and reduction of land use change indicate their impact on other indicators.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Legal and judicial decisions, tin and land, Agricultural Lands, privacy of the city

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