ارزیابی مؤلفه‌های تأثیرگذار بر ارتقاء هویت منظر معماری در نماهای معاصر

فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری

مقاله 13، دوره 11، شماره 41، مرداد 1399، صفحه 197-214   

نوع مقاله: مقاله برگرفته از پایان نامه

نویسندگان

اکرم خدامی پور¹؛ حسین ذبیحی^{* 2}؛ سید مجید مفیدی شمیرانی³

¹دانشجوی دکتری معماری، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران

²دانشیار معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

³استادیار معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران. ایران

تاریخ دریافت: 03 اردیبهشت 1399،  تاریخ بازنگری: 27 خرداد 1399،  تاریخ پذیرش: 27 خرداد 1399 

چکیده

بحران هویت یکی از مشکلات بنیادی در سیمای بصری شهرهای ایران بشمار می‌رود. علی‌رغم ساخت‌وسازهای متعدد در راستای توسعۀ شهری، همچنان منظر معماری شهرها فاقد شخصیتی منسجم، خوانا و واجد هویت می‌باشد. هویت منظر معماری به معنای مجموعه ویژگی‌هایی است که در طول زمان حضوری مداوم در تعریف سیمای معماری داشته و علاوه بر پاسخگویی به تغییرات و نیازهای جدید در امتداد تاریخ خود قرار گیرد. ازآنجاکه پرداختن به ساختار معماری و شهرسازی نماهای معاصر جهت بازخوانی هویت، نیازمند اندیشه‌ای انتقادی بر مفاهیم و مؤلفه‌های تأثیرگذار بر شکل‌گیری عناصر معماری و خاصه نماهای شهری است، می‌توان با شناخت مفاهیم تأثیرگذار و ساختاری، امکانی جهت احیای هویت بصری در سیمای منظر معماری نماهای معاصر را فراهم کرد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناخت این مؤلفه‌ها در راستای تبیین مفاهیمی است که ارتقاء هویت منظر معماری در نماها را به دنبال داشته باشد. جهت دستیابی به این عناصر، ابعاد سازندۀ هویت، منظر و نما باهدف دستیابی به معیارها و کیفیت‌های خلق‌کننده‌ی اثرگذار بر ارتقاء هویت منظر معماری نماهای معاصر بررسی شده است. روش تحقیق پژوهش ترکیبی از روش‌های توصیفی-تحلیلی و تطبیقی و با هدف ماهیت کاربردی است. اطلاعات موردنیاز از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و روش تحلیل داده‌های ثانویه (اسنادی) جهت گردآوری اطلاعات در بخش مبانی نظری و ادبیات مرتبط با تحقیق استفاده شده است. نتایج کلی پژوهش نشان می‌دهد؛ ارتقاء هویت منظر معماری در نماهای معاصر در قالب مؤلفه‌های زیبایی‌شناسی از بُعد معنایی و بصری، مؤلفۀ کالبدی مکان از بُعد عملکردی و بصری، ویژگی محیطی مکان از بعد اقلیمی و زیست‌محیطی و مؤلفۀ معنایی مکان از ابعاد تاریخی و فرهنگی قابل حصول می‌باشد که معیارها و کیفیت‌های خلق‌کننده توسط هرکدام از آن‌ها در قالب مدل مفهومی ارائه شده است. در پایان بر مبنای یافته‌های پژوهش پیشنهاداتی در راستای راهکارهای عملی ارتقاء کیفی منظر ارائه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

هویت؛ منظر معماری؛ نما؛ معماری شهری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of components influential on promotion of landscape identity of architecture of contemporary views

نویسندگان [English]

akram khoddami poor¹؛ hossein zabihi²؛ seyed majid mofidi shemirani³

¹Architecture Ph.D. & Researcher, Islamic Azad Uiveristy (Karaj Branch), Karaj

²Islamic Azad University, Sciences & Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

³Iran Sciences & Research University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Identity crisis is one of fundamental problems in the visual aspect of Iran cities. Despite several constructions for civil development, still cities architectural landscape lacks a coherent, legible and with identity. Identity of architectural landscape means a series of features to have a continuous presence in defining architectural view over time and besides responding to new changes and requirements is located in line with its history. Since addressing architecture structure and urbanism of contemporary views for reading out the identity, requires a critical thought on concepts and components influential in forming the architectural elements and especially urban views, we may provide a possibility for revival of visual identity in the view of architectural landscape of contemporary views by recognition of effective and structural concepts. The aim of the present study is identifying these components for explaining the concepts which follows promotion of architectural landscape identity in views. For achieving these elements, the destructive dimensions of identity, landscape and facade have been investigated with the aim of achieving the creative criteria and quality effective on promotion of the identity of architectural landscape of contemporary facades. Research method is a combination of analytical-descriptive methods and with applied objective. The required data was collected through library studies and secondary data analysis method (documentary) and the theoretical principles and literature relating to the study has been used. The overall results of the research show; Improving the identity of architectural landscape in contemporary views in the form of aesthetic components from the semantic and visual dimension, the physical component of the place from the functional and visual dimension, the environmental feature of the place from the climatic and environmental dimension and the semantic component of the place from historical and cultural dimensions can be obtained. Each of them is presented in the form of a conceptual model. In the end, based on the research findings, suggestions for practical solutions for improving the quality of the landscape are presented.
Extended abstract
Introuduction:
Rapid growth with irregular extension of physical architecture in the domain of contemporary cities architecture formed so that many urban collections couldn’t adapt themselves with this irregular growth, as a result, the visual view of cities architecture which includes a wide range of vies, suffered visual confusion in respect of development. The consequence of this fast and hastily physical growth was lack of control on construction and essential changes in views landscape from the buildings framework. Visual view of the buildings' façade in cities architectural landscape is one of the most important factors constructing the landscape identity. Architectural landscape, in accurate definition, is not a series of facades and case of the city facades but it is a system of all sensible and comprehendible elements which influence human senses and are interpreted and perceived by the audience and in the format of a mental, objective and perceptual category which is the result of the information obtained from buildings, gives identity to the city architecture landscape and view.
The strategy of designing for creating identity and promotion of landscape for architectural landscapes and respecting citizens in creating sense of cultural identity and place attachment that as a very important indicator, has a great impact on the views framework, in designing architectural landscape could be guideline of alterations of contemporary views, providing a given framework that includes designing components which are suitable for the society values and appearance creates necessity of research in this field. Also, regarding the views unorganized status in urban architecture, identifying the components influential on architectural landscape and subsequently creating identity for it finds significance. Promotion of identity of architectural landscape of contemporary views requires identifying the concepts that consider the city architectural view as its framework part along with cultural dimensions and functional requirements so that the meaning of view is promoted to landscape.
In this regard, the present study tries considering the impact of visual view of architectural façades on a city identity, provides a conceptual framework for views as a coordinate generality and answer these questions that what should be evident in views architectural landscape so that it is treated having identity, what criteria and quality in components defining identity in the landscape of contemporary views exist. Concerning significance of view in architectural landscape and since view in architecture domain includes a part of legal and public identity of citizens and considering unorganized status of contemporary views in cities architectural landscape, components and elements which follow identity creation of architectural landscape of contemporary views is one of goals of this research.
Methodology:
For assessment and providing suggestions about identity promotion in the views architectural landscape, at first some criteria for assessment of what is called as optimal identity creating factors relating to views and their architectural landscape should be codified. For this purpose, the considered indicators in respective semantic dimensions were studied using library texts and documents, then their content were qualitatively analyzed. After codifying the considered criteria, in the next stage, with adaption of the posed concepts with each other, the qualities which scrutinize these criteria and show their applied concepts were investigated and used in evaluation and adaption of the features obtained from connectography. In this method, through mapping, the features obtained in the diagram and evaluation of these features based on similarities and relations with each other, those features which have more effect on each other are obtained, from positive features of this method of display, the relation of considered features on the plane that finally produces a mental plan and the relation between components in a clearer form is obtained. This method is based on correcting the methods of obtaining images, analysis and visualization and interpretation of the research data.
Results and discussion:
In the studies performed relating to identity, landscape and view, features of each section was obtained in the format of indictor, component and criterion. Regarding that the criteria obtained from each section, respective components are defined and its applied concepts are shown, for access to the considered factors, common indicators in the components of identity, landscape and view are comparatively and collectively compared to each other and through logical reasoning, the relation between components was deducted and the effective factors were obtained.
The indicators extracted from investigating components creating identity, landscape and view includes 22 cases: 1- background, 2- history, 3- durability, 4- visual quality, 5- aesthetics, 6- culture, 7- performance, 8- permeability, 9- flexibility, 10- law, 11- visual proportions, 12- sound control, 13- climate, 14- nature, 15- vividness, 16- legibility, 17- semiology, 18- view and landscape, 19- meaning, 20- sensory richness, 21- variability, 22- color. In the following, the indicators which overlap each other were investigated through connectogram diagram. In this diagram, data process and analysis is in this way that features which are related to each other are connected to each other through the diagram lines, the lines with similar color show similarity in features of each indicator.
In investigating the features relating to concepts of identity, landscape and view and its analysis through connectogram diagram, the indicators which have more overlap with each other were evaluated and in the following, through overlapping, features of each indicator and their similarity rate in various domains, the criteria effective on promotion of architectural landscape identity promotion in contemporary views and qualities they create were obtained.
Conclusion:
 When surveying the view is from city angle, the discussion of architectural landscape is posed which finds more extension and a series of physical, social, cultural, environmental and other factors finds significance. The landscape identity includes properties that while stable, follow evolution too and lead to appearance of a coherent and with identity whole. In the present study, some criteria for evaluating identity of views architectural landscape were provided. These features could be codified based on response to questions for determining elements and components creating landscape of views architecture based on the city morphology, definition of physical properties of the region views for promotion of identity based on architectural values, synchronization with the day and world architectural language, native, cultural and belief values of the considered society, climate and land shape, evaluating ability of visual and semantic relation of views with the aim of forming a coherent whole in the landscape scale.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

identity, architecture, view, urban architecture

مراجع

1. Alexander Christopher(2013): "The Nature Of Order, Sirous Sabri Reza and Ali Akbari, Tehran. Parham Naghsh. No 457.
2. Alexander, C (1970), "The Timeless Way of Building", NewYork, Oxford University Press.
3. Armanshahr (a), Winter(1998): "Architects & Architects Consulting Engineers", Urban Design of the Western Coast of the City of Bushehr, First Volume, Theoretical Basis of Design with Emphasis on the Design of Axes and Nodes.
4. Armanshahr(b), Winter(1998): "Architects & Architects Consulting Engineers, Urban Design of the Western Coast of the City of Bushehr, Fourth Volume, Understanding and Analyzing Environmental Quality Displays, (Urban Design Dimensions).
5. Behzadfar, Mustafa(2008): "Urban Design Concepts Glossary", Research Project at the Center for Urban Studies and Research, No 67.
6. Bentley, Ian. Alcock, A. Murrain, P. McGlynn, S. & Smith, G. (1985): "Responsive Environment: A Manual for Designers", London, Architectural Press.
7. Bomanian, Mohammad Reza, Mahmoudian, Hadi(2011):" Phenomenology of Space to Promote Space to a City Location", Publications of the Municipalities, First Volume, No. 98.
8. Center of Urbanism and Architecture Research (2009), " Explaining and Introducing Approval of Higher Council, Urbanism and Architecture on Qualitative Promotion of View and Urban Landscape, 1^st Edition, Tehran, Publication of Ministry of Housing and Urbanism.
9. Chen, Bo. Ochieng A. Adimo, Zhiyi Bao (2009): " Assessment of Aesthetic Quality and Multiple Functions of Urban Green Space From Hangzhou Flower Garden", China.
10. Coleman, J. (1987): "Opportunities for Innovation in Urban Design Education", Australian Planners 25 (4): 28-31.
11. Council of europ(2000): "the European Landsape Convention", http:// www.coe.int/t/dg4/ Cultureheritage/ Landscape/ Default_En. Asp. No-vember. 16.2008.
12. Danesh pour Saeid Abdolhadi, Rezazadeh, Razieh, Mohammadi, Maryam(2013): "The Study of the Function and Meaning of the Modern City From a Layered Semiotic Point of View", Architectural and Architectural Journal, 6(11), No. 71-88.
13. Falahat, M, S(2003): "The Concept of the Sense of Place and its Shaping Factors", Visual Arts Journal, No. 26.
14. Ghasemi Isfahani, Morvarid(2004): "Where Are We From?", Rozaneh Publications, No. 117.
15. Golkar, Kourosh(2000): "Builder Components of Urban Design Quality", Sofe Science Journal,No. 22.
16. Goodey, B. (1993): "Two Gentleman in Verona: The Qualities of Urban Design", Street Wise, 4(2), 3-5.
17. Greene, J. and D Oliviere, M. (1989): "Learning to Use Statistical Tests in Psychology".
18. Hassan Amid(1992), "Farhang Amid", Tehran, Amirkabir Publications, 8th edition.
19. Haughton G. & C. Hunter(1994): "Sustainable Cities", London, Jessica Kingsley.
20. Hoa, John D(2004): "Stylistics of Architectural Art in Islamic Territories", tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications, No. 45.
21. Lynch, Kevin, (2009): "The Theory of the Good Shape of the City", Translator: Husseini Bahraini, Tehran: University of Tehran. Pp. 257.
22. Lynch, Quinn (1994): "City and Facade Design and Appearance of the City", Articles About the City and Urban Planning, Mazini Translation, University of Tehran.
23. Mahmoudi, Amirsaeid (2006): "Urban Landscape, a Review on Some Theories, Abadi Journal, 16^th Year, NO. 62, 53-65.
24. Mahmudi Amir Saeed(2006): "Explaining Effective Factors in Urban Design", Compilation of Urban Harmonization Rules in Desert and Semi-Desert Cities of Iran and Six Regions From the Country Vol. I, Thirteen, Research Project at the Center for Urban Studies and Research, No 56.
25. Mansouri Seyed Amir(2004): "An Introduction to Landscape Architecture", Bagh Nazar Journal, 2^th Year, No 79.
26. Michael, Southwestern(1989): "Contemporary Urban Design Theory and Practice", Shahid Beheshti University textbook.
27. Moein, Mohammad (1984): "Moein Dictionary", Sixth Edition, Amir Kabir Publishing, Tehran, No 663.
28. Nagizadeh, Mohammad (2006): "Islamic Architecture and Architecture (Theoretical Foundations), Isfahan, Publishing Rahiean, No 48-57.
29. Nelessen, A. C(1997): "Visions for a New American Dream", Chicago: APA Planner Press.
30. Pakzad, J. & Asadi Khonsar, H. (2008): "Design Guide for Urban Spaces in Iran", Tehran: Shahidi Press.
31. Pakzad, Jahanshah(2006): "Theoretical Basis and Urban Design Process", Shahidi Publishing House, No. 67-90.
32. Punter J. V. & M. Carmona(1997): "The Design Dimension of Planning, Content and Best Practice for Design Policies", London: E & FN Spon.
33. Punter, J. V(1991): "Participation in the Design of Urban Space", Landscape Design, No. 200, p. 24-27
34. Rezazadeh, Razieh (2007): "Principles and Criteria of Organizing and Rules and Regulations of Urban and Regional View, Visual Arts Journal, No. 41.
35. Rezazadeh, Razieh(2008): "Principles and Criteria of Organizing and Rules of Urban Design", Research Project at the Center for Urban Studies and Research & Architecture of the original Document Approved by Tehran Master Plan, No. 23-89.
36. Rezazadeh, Razieh, (2007): "Principles and Criteria of Organizing and Rules and Regulations of Urban and Regional View, Visual Arts Journal, No. 41.
37. Soroushnia, Reza, Mofidi Shemirani, Seyed Mmajid and Etesam, Iraj (2019): "Evaluation of Features of Plex Housing Relating to Vernacular Housing of Warm & Dry Climate, (Case Study: Kerman City), Journal of Regional Planning, Vol. 9/ No. 36.
38. Tavassoli, M. (1996): "Urban Design in the Inner Core of the City of Tehran", Tehran: UARC
39. Tavassoli, M. (1997): "Principles and Techniques of Urban Design in Iran", 4nd Ed, Tehran, UARC.
40. Tavassoli, M. (1997): "Urban Space Design Rules and Criteria", Tehran, UARC.
41. Tavassoli, M. Parsi, H. (2000): "Urban Design", Kargar Street, Tehran, Civil and Urban Improvement Company.
42. Trancik, R. (1986): "Finding Lost Space: Theory of Urban Design", New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold.    
43. Violich, F. (1983): "Urban Reading and the Design of Small Urban Places: The Village of Sutivan", Town Planning Review, Vol. 54, OP.41-62.
44. www.zibasazi.ir (2013):"Investigating the Impact of Urban laws on the Formation of Urban facades, Beautification Organization of the City of Tehran", No. 45.
45. Yazdani Enayatullah and Merovati nader(2013), "Globalization and Challenges of National Identity in Developing Countries", Political and International Research of Islamic Azad University of Shahreza Branch,, 6^th year, No 1-67.