طراحی سامانه استحصال آب باران به کمک تصاویر پهپاد

فصلنامه علمی مهندسی منابع آب

دوره 14، شماره 48، اردیبهشت 1400، صفحه 73-85   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/wej.2021.4590

نویسندگان

هادی شوکتی^{* 1}؛ مهدی کوچک زاده²؛ علی‌اکبر نوروزی³

¹دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

²دانشیار گروه مهندسی آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

³دانشیار پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

تاریخ دریافت: 28 شهریور 1398،  تاریخ بازنگری: 27 بهمن 1398،  تاریخ پذیرش: 06 اردیبهشت 1400 

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: کشور ایران به لحاظ اقلیمی که در آن قرار گرفته است، با مشکل کمبود منابع آبی مواجه است. از آنجا که سطح وسیعی از مساحت شهر‌ها را سطوح نفوذ‌ناپذیر خیابان‌ها تشکیل می‌دهند، حجم آب استحصالی از این سطوح قابل توجه بوده و می‌تواند فشار بر منابع آب را کاهش دهد و پاسخگوی بخش عمده‌ای از نیازهای غیرشرب باشد. ضمن آن که از گسترش آلودگی ناشی از سرریز و پس‌زدگی تأسیسات جمع‌آوری آب‌های سطحی و افزایش غیراقتصادی ابعاد آن‌ها جلوگیری می‌کند.
مواد و روش­ها: در این مطالعه، طراحی سامانه استحصال آب باران از سطوح آسفالت با هدف تأمین بخشی از نیاز فضای سبز دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، با استفاده از تصاویر پهپاد انجام شد. بدین منظور، داده‌های در دسترس 22 ساله بارش روزانه و 761 تصویر هوایی با استفاده از پهپاد DJIPhantom 3 Professional تهیه شد. سپس مدل رقومی ارتفاع منطقه شد و برای تعیین مسیر رواناب، حوضه‌بندی منطقه در محیط GIS صورت گرفت. پارامتر‌های درصد قابلیت اطمینان و نسبت سرریز از مخزن برای هر سطح به ازای حجم‌های مختلف مخازن برآورد گردید. سپس حجم بهینه هریک از مخازن با استفاده از الگوریتم ژنتیک تعیین شد.
یافته­ها: با توجه به وضعیت توپوگرافی سطوح خیابان دانشکده، رواناب حاصل از آن‌ها قابل جمع‌آوری در یک مخزن نیست، لذا 4 مخزن A، B، C و D با حجم‌های بهینه شده به ترتیب برابر با 15/6، 46/3، 1 و 20 مترمکعب در نقاط مختلف سطوح خیابان‌ها در نظر گرفته شد.
بحث و نتیجه­گیری: با طراحی سامانه‌های استحصال آب باران، می‌توان حجم قابل توجهی از آب باران را برای مصارف غیرشرب دانشکده ذخیره نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

الگوریتم ژنتیک؛ پهپاد؛ سطوح آبگیر؛ قابلیت اطمینان؛ نسبت سرریز

عنوان مقاله [English]

Designing of Rainwater Harvesting Systems Using Drone Images

نویسندگان [English]

Hadi Shokati¹؛ Mahdi Kouchakzadeh²؛ Aliakbar Noroozi³

¹M.Sc. Student, Irrigation and Drainage Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

²Associate Professor of Irrigation and Drainage Eng., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

³Associate Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran(AREEO), Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction:Iran is facing shortage of water resources due to the climate in which it is located. Since large areas of urban surfaces are Impenetrable streets, the volume of water harvested from these surfaces is significant and can reduce the pressure on water resources and meet a large portion of the non-potable demands, it also prevents the spread of pollution caused by overflows and backlogs in surface water collection facilities and uneconomic increase of their volumes.
Materials and Methods:In this paper, the design of rainwater harvesting system from asphalt surfaces was carried out with the aim of meeting part of the green space demand of Tarbiat Modares University faculty of agriculture, using drone images. For this purpose, available data of 22 years of daily precipitation and 761 aerial images were obtained using DJI Phantom3 Professional drone. Then, the digital elevation map of the case study was prepared and to determine the runoff direction, the basin of the area was carried out in the GIS. Reliability percentage and overflow ratios of the tanks were estimated for each level for different tank volumes. Then the optimal volume of each tank was determined using genetic algorithm.
Findings:The results showed that due to the topographic status of the faculty street surfaces, the runoff from them could not be collected in one tank, so 4 tanks A, B, C and D with optimized volumes of 6.15, 3.46, 1 and 20 cubic meters were considered in different parts of the street surfaces, respectively.
Conclusion:With designing rainwater harvesting systems, a significant amount of rainwater can be stored for non-potable consumption.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Genetic Algorithm, Drone, Catchment Area, Reliability, Overflow Ratio

مراجع

1. Tabatabai Yazdi J, Tavakkoli H. Evaluation of the possibility of rainwater harvesting to supply the part of the water required for green space in Mashhad. Agricultural and natural resources research center. 2011.

 https://www.daneshgahi.com/p/tl/pblet.aspx?tid=2004073

1. Assayed A, Hatokay Z, Al-Zoubi R, Azzam S, Qbailat M, Al-Ulayyan A, Bushnaq S, Maroni R. On-site rainwater harvesting to achieve household water security among rural and peri-urban communities in Jordan. Conservation and Recycling. 2013; 73:72-77.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.010

1. Bashar MZI, Karim MR, Imteaz MA. Reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting: a comparative study within six major cities of bangladesh. Resources. Conservation and Recycling . 2018; 133:146-154.

 

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.025

1. Basinger M, Montalto F, Lall U. A rainwater harvesting system reliability model based on nonparametric stochastic rainfall generator. Hydrology. 2010; 392:105-118.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.039

1. Cowden JR, Watkins JR, David W, Mihelcic JR. Stochastic rainfall modeling in West Africa: Parsimonious approaches for domestic rainwater harvesting assessment. Hydrology. 2008; 361:64-77.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.07.025

1. Fewkes A. The use of rainwater for WC flushing: the field testing of a collection system. Building and Environment. 1999; 34:765-772.

       https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(98)00063-8

1. Guo Y, Baetz BW. Sizing of rainwater storage units for green building

applications. Hydrologic Engineering. 2007; 12: 197-205.

       https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2007)12:2(197)

1. Hanson LS, Vogel RM. Generalized storage-reliability-yield relationships for rainwater harvesting systems. Environmental Research Letters. 2014; 9:075007.

       https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/075007

1. Imteaz MA, Adeboye OB, Rayburg S, Shanableh A. Rainwater harvesting potential for southwest nigeria using daily water balance model. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2012; 62:51-55.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.02.007

10. Imteaz MA, Matos C, Shanableh A. Impacts of climatic variability on rainwater tank outcomes for an inland city, Canberra. Hydrology Science and Technology. 2014; 4:177-191.

       [DOI: 10.1504/IJHST.2014.067730]

11. Jing X, Zhang S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang Y. Assessing efficiency and economic viability of rainwater harvesting systems for meeting non-potable water demands in four climatic zones of china. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2017; 126:74-85.

  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.07.027

12. Jones MP, Hunt WF. Performance of rainwater harvesting systems in the southeastern United States. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2010; 54:623-629.

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.11.002

13. Kim K, Yoo C. Hydrological modeling and evaluation of rainwater harvesting facilities: case study on several rainwater harvesting facilities in Korea. Hydrologic Engineering. 2009; 14:545-561.

 

     https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000030

14. Lani NHM, Syafiuddin A, Yusop Z, Bin Mat Amin MZ. Performance of small and large scales rainwater harvesting systems in commercial buildings under different reliability and future water tariff scenarios. Science of the total Environment. 2018; 636:1171-1179.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.418

15. Li Y, Ye Q, Liu A, Meng F, Zhang W, Xiong W, Wang P, Wang C. Seeking urbanization security and sustainability: Multi-objective optimization of rainwater harvesting systems in China. Hydrology. 2017; 550:42-53.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.042

16. Liaw CH, Tsai Yl. Optimum storage volume of rooftop rain water harvesting systems for domestic use 1. The American Water Resources Association. 2004; 40:901-912.

       https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01054.x

17. Mehrabadi MHR, Saghafian B, Fashi F. Assessment of residential rainwater harvesting efficiency for meeting non-potable water demands in three climate conditions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2013; 73:86-93.

  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.015

18. Mun JS, Han MY. Design and operational parameters of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system:definition, sensitivity and verification. Environmental Management. 2012; 93:147-153.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.08.024

19. Rahman A, keane J, Imteaz MA. Rainwater harvesting in greater Sydney: water savings, reliability and economic benefits. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2012; 61:16-21.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.12.002

20. Rostad N, Foti R, Montalto FA. Harvesting rooftop runoff to flu sh

lets: Drawing conclusions from four major US cities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2016; 108:97-106.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.01.009

21. Sample DJ, Liu J. Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems for the dual purposes of water supply and runoff capture. Cleaner Production. 2014; 75:174-194.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.075

22. Walsh TC, Pomeroy CA, Burian SJ. Hydrologic modeling analysis of a passive, residential rainwater harvesting program in an urbanized, semi-arid watershed. Hydrology. 2014; 508:240-253.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.038

23. Wang R, Zimmerman JB. Economic and environmental assessment of office building rainwater harvesting systems in various US cities. Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49:1768-1778.

        https://doi.org/10.1021/es5046887