ارزیابی جنبه های مختلف آنتاگونیستی Pythium oligandrum(Dresch) درکنترل بیولوژیک (Kuhn) Rhizoctonia solani عامل بیماری مرگ گیاهچه چغندرقند در آزمایشگاه

دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی

مقاله 5، دوره 2، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 5، خرداد و تیر 1393، صفحه 51-70   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

فریبرز فرخی¹؛ محمد حاجیان شهری^{* 2}؛ محمد سالاری³؛ حمید روحانی⁴

¹عضو هیات علمی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران

²استادیار پژوهش، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران

³دانشیار گروه گیاهپزشکی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

⁴استاد گروه گیاهپزشکی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

تاریخ دریافت: 04 شهریور 1393،  تاریخ پذیرش: 04 شهریور 1393 

چکیده

چغندرقند، از مهم ترین محصولات زراعی ایران است و بیماری های مرگ گیاهچه و پوسیدگی ریشه ناشی از R. solani از مهمترین علل کاهش عملکرد چغندرقند، می باشند. در این تحقیق جنبه های مختلف آنتاگونیستی 6 جدایه از  P. oligandrumدر کنترل R. solaniبا روش هایآزمایشگاهی شامل بررسی های میکروسکوپی نحوه ارتباط هیفی، رقابت غذایی، اثر متابولیت های گازی فرار،  اثر ترشحات مایع خارج سلولی در محیط کشت مصنوعی، خاک و وجود متابولیت های ضد قارچی مقاوم به حرارت در محیط کشت مصنوعی ارزیابی شدند. در بررسی های میکروسکوپی رفتار هیف  P. oligandrumبه شکل پیچیدن به دور هیف، چروکیدگی و جداشدن پروتوپلاست از دیواره سلولی، تشکیل اووسپور بر روی و داخل هیف R. solani دیده شد. در سایر آزمایش ها، جدایه های تربت جام و مشهد آنتاگونیست بیشترین قابلیت رقابت غذایی با R. solani را در محیط کشت داشتند و متابولیت های گازی فرار کلونی 36 ساعته جدایه تربت جام آنتاگونیست با41/56 درصد بیشترین تاثیر را در بازدارندگی از رشد میسلیوم R. solani داشت. بررسی کارایی ترشحات مایع خارج سلولی P. oligandrum در ممانعت از رشد میسلیوم R. solani در محیط کشت نشان داد جدایه مشهد با31/71درصد بیشترین بازدارندگی از رشد R. solani و غلظت های30%،40% و50% ترشحات مایع خارج سلولی جدایه تربت جام بیشترین اثر بازدارندگی از رشد R. solani را در محیط کشت داشتند. در بررسی کارایی ترشحات مایع خارج سلولی P. oligandrum در ممانعت از رشد میسلیوم R. solani در خاک مشخص شد، تیماری که خاک مورد استفاده در آن تنها با اینوکولوم P. oligandrum آلوده شده بود با 09/32 درصد بیشترین تاثیر را در بازدارندگی از رشد میسلیوم R. solani داشت. همچنین جدایه تربت جام، با 36/71 درصد بیشترین بازدارندگی از رشد R. solani را در آزمون مقایسه توانایی تولید متابولیت های ضد قارچی مقاوم به حرارت در محیط کشت، را داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

کنترل بیولوژیک؛ چغندرقند؛ R. solani و P. oligandrum

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of some antagonistic aspects of Pythium oligandrum (Dresch) for biological control of Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn), the causal agent of sugar beet damping-off in laboratory

نویسندگان [English]

F. Farokhi,¹؛ M. Hajian Shahri,²؛ M. Salari,³؛ H. Rohani,⁴

چکیده [English]

Sugar beet is among the most important crops in Iran. One of the main causes of the decline in sugar beet production is root rot, damping off and leaf blight caused by R. solani (Kuhn). Unfortunately, chemical control method against soil-borne fungi especially R. solani in sugar beet is not very effective. In this study the control of R. solani by antagonistic aspects of P. oligandrum using six isolates were studied under various laboratory methods including microscopic investigation of the relation of hyphae between antagonist and pathogen, food competition, the effect of volatile compounds, the effects of extracellular fluid secretion in cultured and heat-stable antifungal metabolites. Microscopic observations showed that P. oligandrum hyphae upon contact with R. solani hyphae wrapped around them, caused protoplast shrinkage which resulted in detachment of the protoplast from the cell walls of R. solani , also oospore formed on the hyphae of R. solani. The results of dual culture tests  howed that Torbat-e-jam and Mashhad isolates of P. oligandrum had the most food competition with R solani. In volatile compounds tests using 36 hrs-old colony of the antagonist, the isolate of Torbat-e-jam had maximum inhibitory effect (56.41%) on R. solani in vitro. The extracellular fluids of isolate of Mashhad was %71.31 percent more effective than the control and concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50% extracellular fluid of isolates from Torbat-e-jam had the most growth inhibition on R. solani mycelium in culture medium, However there was no significant difference among the mentioned concentrations. Evaluation of efficiency of P. oligandrum in inhibition of mycelial growth of R. solani in soil showed that the most inhibition of mycelium growth of R. solani (32%) was occurred when soil was solely inoculated with P. oligandrum. The heat-resistant extracellular fluids of isolate of Torbat-e-jam were %71.36 percent more effective than the control in inhibiting the growth of R. solani.

مراجع

1. Abbasi A. 2000. Etiology of root and crown disease sugar beet fungi in Khorasan [M.Sc thesis]. [Mashad (Iran)]: Ferdowsi University.
2. Abbasi Moghadam A, Falahati Rastegar M and Jafarpour B. 1998. Etiology of sugar beet crown and root rot in Khorasan province. Paper presented at: 13^th Iranian Plant Protection Congress; 23–27 August; Isfahan, Iran.
3. Baird RE, Bell DK, Sumner DR, Mullinix BG and Culbreath AK. 1993. Survival of Rhizoctonia solani AG4 in residual peanut shells in soil. Plant Disease 77: 973–975.
4. Benhamou N, Rey P, Picard K and Tirilly Y. 1999. Ultra structural and cytochemical aspects of the interaction between the mycoparasite, Pythium oligandrum, and soil-borne pathogens. Phytopathology 89: 506–517.
5. Benson DM and Baker R. 1974. Epidemiology of Rhizoctonia solani pre emergence damping-off of radish. Phytopathology 64: 1163–1168.
6. Brozova J. 2002. Exploitation the mycoparasitic fungus pythium oligandrum in plant protection. Plant Protection Science 1: 29–35.
7. Bugbee WM. 1982. Sugar beet disease research. Sugar Beet Research 12: 155–165.
8. Deacon JW. 1976. Studies on Pythium oligandrum, an aggressive parasite of otherfungi. TransactionBritish Mycological Society 66: 383–391.
9. Elad Y, Chet I and Katan J. 1980. Trichoderma harzianum: A biocontrol agent effective against Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology 70: 119–121.
10. Foley MF and Deacon JW. 1986. Susceptibility of Pythium spp. and other fungi to antagonism by the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 8: 91–95.
11. Goltappeh A, Pakdaman B and Rezaee-Danesh Y. 1999. Pest and disease of sugarbeet. Tehran: Tarbeet-e Modarres University Press.
12. Gray FA and Gerick JS. 1998. Biology and management of sugar beet diseases in the Bighorn and Wind River Basin of Wyoming. College of agricultural. University of Wyoming.
13. Hedjaroud Gh and Alizadeh A. 1971. Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn cause of sugarbeet root brown rot. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 6: 23–34. (In persian with english summary)
14. Herr LJ. 1976. In field survival of Rhizoctonia solani in soil and in diseased sugarbeets. Canadian Journal Microbiology 22: 983–988.
15. Howell CR and Stipanovic RD. 1995. Mechanisms in the biocontrol of R. solani-induced cotton seedling disease by Gliocladium virens: antibiosis. Phytopathology 85: 469–472.
16. Jacobsen BJ, Bergman J and Eckhoff J. 1999. Control of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot of sugar beet with fungicides and antagonistic bacteria. Sugarbeet Research and Exension Report 29: 278–280.
17. Kiewnick S and Jacobsen BJ. 2001. Antagonistic bacteria and fungicides for control of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot on sugar beet. Plant Disease 12: 30–37.
18. Kuninaga S and Yokosawa R. 1984. DNA base sequence homology in Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Genetic relatedness within AG-6. Annual Phytopathology Society Japan 50: 346–351.
19. Lutchmeah RS and Cooke RC. 1984. Aspects of antagonism by the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum. TransactionBritish Mycological Society 83: 696–700.
20. Martin FN and Hancock JG. 1987. The use of Pythium oligandrum for biological control of damping-off caused by P. ultimum. Phytopathology 77: 1013–1020.
21. Martin FN. 1992. The genus Pythium. pp 39–49, In LL Singleton, JD Mihail and CM Rush (eds). Methods for Research on Soil Borne Phytopathogenic Fungi. St Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society Press.
22. McQuilken MP, Whipps JM and Cooke RC. 1990. Control of damping off in cress and sugar-beet by commercial seed-coating with P. oligandrum. Plant Pathology 39: 452–462.
23. Momeni J, Falahati-Rastegar M and Jafarpour B. 2004. Evaluation of DNA polymorphism anastomosis group of Rhizoctonia solani in sugarbeet by using RAPD-pcr in Khorasan. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 4: 9–15.
24. Olaya G and Abawi GS. 1994. Influence of inoculums type and moisture on development of Rhizoctonia solani on foliage of table beets. Plant Disease 78: 805–810.
25. Onkar D and James B.1995. Basic plant pathology methods. London: Lewis publisher.
26. Paulitz TC and Belanger R. 2001. Biological control in greenhouse systems. Annuual Review Phytopathology 39: 103–133.
27. Plaats-Nitherink AJ. 1981. Monograph of the genus Pythium. Studies in Mycology 21: 1–242.
28. Rahnama K and Cooke RC. 1998. Evaluation of mycoparasitism effect on oospore and sporangia of Pythium ultimum by Pythium olygandrum. Paper presented at: 13^th Iranian Plant Protection Congress; 23–27 August; Karaj, Iran.
29. Shahiri-Tabarestani M. 2000. Investigation on biological control of sugar beet damping-off disease by some isolates of Trichoderma harizanum, Glicladium sp. and some Bacillus species [M.Sc thesis]. [Mashad (Iran)] Ferdowsi University.
30. Shahiri-Tabarestani M. Falahati-Rastegar M. Jafarpour B and Rohani M. 2005. Investigation on biological control of sugarbeet damping-off disease by some isolates of Trichoderma harizanum Rafai. Journal of sugarbeet 21: 57–75.
31. Truter M. 2005. Etiology and alternative control of Potato rhizoctoniasis in South Africa [M.Sc. thesis]. [Pretoria] University of Pretoria.
32. Vesely D and Koubova D. 1993. The effect of Pythium oligandrum on the health condition of winter wheat roots. Ochrana Rostlin 29: 193–202.
33. Vesely D. 1977. Potential biological control of damping-off pathogens in emerging sugar beet by Pythium oligandrum Drechsler. Phytopathology 90: 113–115.
34. Vesely R and Hejdanek S. 1984. Microbial relations of Pythium oligandrum and problems in the use of this organism for the biological control of damping off of sugar beet. Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie 139: 257–262.
35. Vilgalys R. 1988. Genetic Relatedness among anastomosis groups in Rhizoctonia as measured by DNA/DNA hybridization. Phytopathology 78: 698–702.
36. Whipps JM, McQuilken MP and Budge SP. 1993. Use of fungal antagonist for biocontrol of damping-off and Sclerotinia disease. Pesticide Science 37: 307–319.

37.  Yokoyama K and Ogoshi A. 1986. Studies on hyphal anastomosis of Rhizoctonia solani. Observation of imperfect fusion by light and electron microscopy. Mycological Society 27: 399–413.