تغییرات فضایی تراکم ساختمانی و شناسایی عوامل تأثیر گذار (مورد مطالعه: شهر بیجار)

فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری

مقاله 9، دوره 13، شماره 51، بهمن 1401، صفحه 121-138   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/jupm.2021.24464.3471

نویسندگان

عامر نیک پور^{* 1}؛ طاهر صفرراد²؛ بهناز محمدیاری³

¹دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

²استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

³دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت: 11 فروردین 1399،  تاریخ بازنگری: 27 تیر 1400،  تاریخ پذیرش: 30 تیر 1400 

چکیده

گسترش شهرها و در پی آن اتخاذ سیاست متراکم سازی، مقوله تراکم را به عنوان یکی از مهمترین مولّفه های تعیین کننده مسائل شهری مطرح نموده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تحلیل فضایی تراکم شهر بیجار و شناسایی عوامل تاثیر گذار بر آن است. پژوهش حاضر با نگرش توصیفی- اکتشافی و پیمایشی، تغییرات انواع تراکم و تحولات فضایی آن ها در شهر بیجار را در دو مقطع زمانی 1385 و 1395 مورد تحلیل قرار داده است. با استفاده از داده های بلوک های آماری، روند تغییرات شاخص ها و توزیع آن ها در سطح شهر بررسی شده است. برای تحلیل های آماری و نمایش گرافیکی نقشه ها از نرم افزارهای Spss ،Excel،GIS استفاده شده است. طبق نتایج میان تراکم جمعیت و تراکم ساختمانی در شهر بیجار رابطه مستقیم و معناداری وجود دارد و تحلیل لکه های داغ نشان داد کانون تراکم ساختمانی که در سال 1385 در نواحی مرکزی و محدوده های شمالی، جنوبی و شرقی شهر بوده است در سال 1395 به سمت جنوب غربی و محدوده شمال غربی شهر کشیده شده است. در سال 1385 در حدود 11/10 درصد از مساحت و 24/89 درصد از جمعیت شهر در پهنه تراکم بالای ساختمانی قرار داشتند که این میزان در سال 1395 به 12/13 درصد از مساحت و 31/59 درصد از جمعیت شهرافزایش یافت. طبق نتایج، رابطه معکوسی میان تراکم و فاصله از مرکز شهر وجود دارد، به طوری که با فاصله از مرکز شهر از میزان تراکم کاهش می‌یابد، همچنین ضریب2 Rنشان داد در سال 85 تقریباً 60 درصد تغییرات تراکم توسط متغیر فاصله از مرکز تبیین می شد اما این مقدار در سال 95 کاهش یافته و به 50 درصد رسیده است، کاهش این مقدار نشان دهنده گسترش توزیع فضایی ساخت و ساز در سطح محله ها، در دوره اخیر است. همچنین نتایج حاصل از رگرسیون وزنی هم نشان می‌دهد، سه متغیر قیمت زمین در قسمت غربی و جنوب غربی، تراکم جمعیتی در قسمت های شمالی، مرکزی و جنوب غربی و متغیر فاصله تا مرکز محله در قسمت غرب و جنوب غربی از مهمترین عوامل تأثیر گذار در میزان تراکم ساختمانی شهر بیجار هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تغییرات فضایی؛ تراکم ساختمانی؛ رگرسیون وزنی فضایی؛ بیجار

عنوان مقاله [English]

Spatial Changes in Building density Density and Identification of Affecting Factors (Case Study: Bijar City)

نویسندگان [English]

Amer Nikpour¹؛ Taher safarrad²؛ Behnaz Mohammadyari³

¹Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

²Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

³Master's degree in geography and urban planning, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The expansion of cities and the subsequent policy of condensation has made congestion as one of the most important determinants of urban problems. The present study, with a descriptive-exploratory and survey approach, has analyzed the variations of congestion types and their spatial developments in Bijar in two time periods 2006 and 2016. Using statistical block data, trends of index changes and their distribution throughout the city have been studied. Spss, Excel, GIS software was used for statistical analysis and graphical representation of maps. According to the results, there is a direct and significant relationship between population density and building density in Bijar city. The west and northwest boundaries of the city are drawn. In 2006, about 11/10% of the total area and 24/89% of the city population were in the high density of construction area, which in 2016 amounted to 12/13% and 31/59% of the total urban area. According to the results, there is an inverse relationship between congestion and distance from downtown with decreasing congestion distance from downtown. Also, R2 coefficient showed that in year 2006 almost 60% of congestion changes were explained by variable distance from downtown but This has fallen to 95% in 2016, a decrease that reflects the more spatial distribution of neighborhood-level construction in recent times. The results of weight regression also show that three variables of land price in west and southwest, population density in north, central and southwest and distance to neighborhood center in west and southwest are the most important factors affecting The transitions are in the building density of Bijar.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Spatial variability, Building density, Spatial weight regression, Bijar

مراجع

• Akivoli, Claudio Davidson, Forbes, Translators: Esmaeilpour, Najma; Stiaghi, Alireza, (2011), Density in Urban Development, Design and Planning Books Collection, Tehran Publication: Arman Shahr, First Edition 2011. (in Persian)
• Alejandro, Edwin., Aguilar, Ramírez., Cristina, Léa., Souza, Lucas., (2019), Urban form and population density: Influences on Urban Heat Island intensities in Bogotá, Colombia., journal of Urban Climate. 
• Azizi, Mohammad Mehdi (1997), Density in Urban Plans: A Theoretical Approach to Understanding Problems, Factors and Effects, Journal of Fine Arts, Vol 2. (in Persian)
• Azizi, Mohammad Mehdi (2003), congestion in urban planning principles and criteria established urban agglomeration / authoring and editing by Mohammad Mehdi Azizi, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and Architecture Department, Tehran University Press, Publishing and Printing Institute, 2003. fourth edition. (in Persian)
• Balram, Sh. and Dragicevic, S., (2005), Attitudes Toward Urban Land Use Planning: integrating Guestionnaire Survey and Collaborative GIS Techniques to Improve Attitude MEASUREMENTS, Landscape and Urban planning.
• Bertaud, (2008), November 12-13. Evolution of population densities since 1990, Could a new transport network accelerate the evolution of Gauteng spatial structure toward "normalcy"?  Paper presented at the international urban development workshop, Pretoria. Retrieved November 15, (2013), from http: //alain-bertaud.com.
• Boyko, Christopher T., and Rachel Cooper. (2011). Clarifying and re-conceptualising density. Progress in Planning76(1): 1-61.
• Burgess, R. (2000). The compact city debate: A global perspective compact cities, London: spon, press.
• Chen, M., Zhang, H., Liu, W., & Zhang, W. (2014). The global pattern of urbanization and economic growth: Evidence from the last three decades. PLoS One, 9(8), e103799.
• Churchman, Arza. (1999). Disentangling the concept of density. Journal of Planning Literature 13: 389-411.
• Cuthbert, A. R. (1985). Architecture, society and space: The high density question reexamined. Progress in Planning, 24(2), 73–159.
• Forsyth, A., Oakes, J. M., Schmitz, K. H. & Hearst, M. (2007) Does Residential DensityIncrease Walking and Other Physical Activity?,Urban Studies, Vol. 44(4) pp.679- 697.
• Fotheringham S., Brunsdon  C. and Charlton, M., (2002), Geographically Weightedregression:  The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships, University Of Newcastle Wiley, UK.
• Ghorbani, Rasool, (2005), Distribution Analysis of Population Densities in Tabriz Using Statistical Fielding Method, Geographical Researches, No. 54, pp. 123-136. (in Persian)
• Heyward, S. (2000), The Suburbanization of America, A Guide to Smart Growth: Shattering Myths, providing solutions, the Heritage foundation.
• Jafari, Firouz; Ghorbani, Rasool, (2016), Investigation and Analysis of Construction Density (FAR) in Urban Neighborhoods Using LUI Case Study: Gelbad Neighborhood of Tabriz, Journal of Urban Planning Studies, Volume 3, Issue 11, Fall 2016. (in Persian)
• Jenks, Mike-Jones, Colin, Translators: Rafieian, Mojtaba-Hodseni, Haniyeh, (2012), Dimensions of the Sustainable City, Tehran, Tarbiat Modares University Press, First Edition 2012. (in Persian)
• Jiao, Limin. (2015). Urban land density function: A new method to characterize urban expansion. Landscape and Urban planning, 139, p 26-39.
• Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
• Mashhoudi, Sohrab, (2001), Basics of Urban Fluid Projects, Urban Processing and Planning Company, affiliated to Tehran Municipality Information Technology. (in Persian)
• Mashhoudi, Sohrab, (2010), Construction and Population Density in Cities, Society of Urban Engineers, Mazinani Publications, First Edition 2010. (in Persian)
• Nikpour, Amer, (2015), Physical Evaluation of City Form Based on Study Density: Amol, Journal of Urban Planning Studies, Volume 2, Issue 8. (in Persian)
• Nikpour, Amer, Rezghi, Fatereh, Safaee Rineh, Mostafa, (2018), Spatial Analysis of Babol City Form Based on Building Density, Urban Planning Geography Research, Volume 6, Number 2, Summer 2018. (in Persian)
• Pont, M. B., and P. Haupt. (2007). The relation between urban form and density. Viewpoints 11: 1-3.
• Rapoport, Amos. (1975). Toward a redefinition of density. Environment and Behavior 7(2): 133-158.
• Richardson, H., and Bae, G. H., (2000), Compact Citiesi Developing Countries: Assessment andImplication Com Pact Cities, London Spon Press.
• Sivam, A. and Karuppannan, S. (2009), “Density Design and Sustainable Residential Development, Presented at the European Network for Housing Research Conference”, 28 June to 1 July, Prague, Czech Republic.
• Sivam, Alpana, Sadasivam Karuppannan and Michael C. Davis. (2012). Stakeholder’s perception of residential density-a case study of Adelaide- Australia. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 27(4): 473-494.
• Smart Growth Network (2010), Smart Growth Principles, Available from World Wide Web: www.smartgrowth.org/about/ principles.
• Smith, Wilbur S. (1984). Mass Transport for High-Rise High-Density Living. Journal ofTransportation Engineering110(6): 521-535.
• Sorour, Hooshang, Mubaraki, Omid, Amiri, Sedigheh, (2010), Investigating the effects of increasing building density on Tabriz Old Tissue Transport Network, Urban Management Studies Quarterly, Volume 2, Issue 4, Winter 2010. (in Persian)
• Tsai, Y. h., (2005), Quantifying Urban Form: Compactness Versus Sprawl, Urban Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1, PP. 141-161.
• Vicky Cheng. (2010). Understanding Density and High Density.
• Ziyari, Karamatollah, Mehdi Nejad, H and Abbas, Fryad., (2009), Principles and Techniques of Urban Planning, First Edition, published by Chabahar International University. (in Persian).