ارزیابی عوامل کالبدی- عملکردی بر کیفیت زندگی جمعی در فضای عمومی (نمونه موردی: میدان شهدا مشهد)

فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری

دوره 15، شماره 57، شهریور 1403، صفحه 39-52   

نوع مقاله: مقاله برگرفته از پایان نامه

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/jupm.2022.29357.4056

نویسندگان

الهام کاویانی¹؛ خسرو افضلیان^{* 2}؛ محمدخسرو صحاف²؛ سیدمسلم سیدالحسینی³

¹دانشجوی دکتری، گروه معماری، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران.

²استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران.

³دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران

تاریخ دریافت: 18 آبان 1400،  تاریخ بازنگری: 20 اردیبهشت 1401،  تاریخ پذیرش: 22 اردیبهشت 1401 

چکیده

اغلب فضاهای جمعی امروز تحت تأثیر رویکرد مدرنیستی 70 سال گذشته، دستخوش تغییرات هویتی- تاریخی و اجتماعی شده‌اند و فضاهای غیرقابل پیش‌بینی را خلق کرده‌اند. میدان شهداء مشهد نیز به عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین فضاهای جمعی و عمومی تاریخ این شهر، در سالهای اخیر شاهد تغییراتی بنیادین در شکل و عملکرد بوده‌ است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر ماحصل این تغییرات کالبدی بر شکل زندگی مردم و احساسشان نسبت به دگرگونی‌های این میدان است. برای پاسخ به این سوال که آیا تغییرات میدان، خواسته و نیاز مردم از فضای عمومی را برآورده نموده یا خیر، این پژوهش از روشی کیفی و کمی بهره گرفته است. در روش کیفی، با استفاده از پرسشنامه باز، از طریق گام‌های تحلیل تماتیک، 18 مولفه بر مبنای پیشینه تحقیق شناسایی شد و در پنج شاخص عملکرد محیط، فعالیت‌ها، کیفیت محیط، معنای محیط و ویژگی‌های فیزیکی قرارگرفت. در روش کمی، بر اساس فراوانی داده‌ها، کدگذاری انجام شده و سپس جهت رتبه‌بندی از شاخص RII استفاده گردید. نتایج رتبه بندی نشان می‌دهد که عوامل نمادین و یادمانی مهمترین عوامل مؤثر بر کیفیت زندگی روزمره فضای میدان شهداست اما به لحاظ تأمین ویژگی‌های تنوع فضایی و سازماندهی فعالیت‌ها، در جایگاه مناسبی قرار ندارد. در واقع مهمترین عامل هویت بخش این فضا، همجواری با حرم مطهر رضویست و تغییرات کالبدی، کارایی فضا را کاهش داده‌است. وسعت و گستره این میدان تنها پاسخگوی رویدادهای مناسبتی، رسمی و تجمعات سیاسی است درحالیکه فاقد ویژگی‌های لازم برای گذراندن روزمرگی افراد به عنوان یک فضای جمعی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

"عوامل کالبدی"؛ "عوامل مفهومی"؛ "کیفیت زندگی جمعی"؛ "فضای عمومی"

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of physical-conceptual factors on the quality of collective life in public space (Case study: The Shohada Square Of Mashhad)

نویسندگان [English]

Elham Kaviani¹؛ Khosrow Afzalian²؛ Mohammad KHosro Sahaf²؛ seyyed Moslem Seyedolhosseini³

¹Ph.D. Student in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

²Associate Prof, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.

³Associate Prof., Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Most of the collective spaces today, under the influence of the modernist approach of the last 70 years, have undergone identity-historical and social changes and have created unpredictable spaces. Mashhad Martyrs' Square, as one of the most important public and public spaces in the history of this city, has witnessed fundamental changes in shape and function in recent years. This study has been carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of these physical changes on the life style of people and their feelings towards the changes in this square. To answer the question of whether the changes in the square have met the demands and needs of the public space or not, this research has used a qualitative and quantitative method. In the qualitative method, using an open-ended questionnaire, through thematic analysis steps, 18 components were identified based on the research background and were divided into five factors of environmental performance, activities, environmental quality, environmental meaning and physical characteristics. In the quantitative method, based on the frequency of data, coding was performed and then the RII index was used for ranking. The ranking results show that symbolic and memorial factors are the most important factors affecting the quality of daily life of the Martyrs' Square space, but in terms of providing the characteristics of spatial diversity and organization of activities, is not in a good position. In fact, the most important factor in identifying this space is its proximity to the holy shrine of Razavi, and physical changes have reduced the efficiency of the space. The  size and scope of this square only responds to occasional, formal events and political gatherings, while it lacks the necessary characteristics for people to spend their daily life of individuals as a collective space.
 
Extended Abstract
 
 
Introduction
Nowadays, most collective spaces have been influenced by the modernist approach of the last 70 years and have undergone identity-historical and social changes, and created unpredictable spaces. These spaces have become soulless spaces due to the disappearance of the connection of people in the public space, and turning these spaces into traffic points, or their essential change to spaces only for holding ceremonies, and ordinary annual events or holding special political ceremonies. In recent years, the Shohada square of Mashhad, as one of the most important public spaces in this city, has witnessed fundamental changes in shape and performance. This study has been carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of these physical changes on the life style of people and their feelings towards the changes in this square.
 
Methodology
This study has used a qualitative method and so two parts independent of the quantitative method to answer the question of whether the changes in the field have met the demands and needs of the public space or not. In the first part, which is based on a quantitative method, first, questions based on 12 quality criteria of space viability, were considered, and the answers were evaluated based on the Likert scale and ranked using the Shannon technique to determine for which activities the Shohada square has been prepared.
Then, 18 components were identified through thematic analysis steps based on the research background in the qualitative method using an open-ended question and placed in five indicators of environmental performance, activities, environmental quality, meaning of the environment and physical characteristics. The mean t-test of a single sample, which is a statistical test based on the assumption of normality of the data, was used to compare the levels of the questionnaire with the average value described in the text. In the second part of the quantitative method, the coding was done based on the frequency of data, and then the RII index was used for ranking.
 
Results and discussion
According to the ranking of components, the three factors of "preservation of the old municipal building", "installation of martyrs' memorial" and "the impact of square renovation on the improvement of the old texture" have played an effective role in maintaining or improving the quality of space. The level of activities of people in Shohada Square shows that this space provides users with an appropriate level of ability to stand and walk, as well as its security has an acceptable share in the face of crime and violence. But it does not create a sense of satisfaction in the audience in terms of physical characteristics of aesthetics, and lacks appropriate facilities for social interaction. Therefore, symbolic and memorial factors are the most important factors affecting the quality of daily life of the Martyrs' Square space, but it is not in the right place in terms of providing the characteristics of spatial diversity and organizing activities.
 
Conclusion
The most important factor in the identity of Shohada Square is its proximity to the holy shrine of Razavi. Physical changes have reduced the efficiency of space. The size and scope of this square only responds to occasional, formal events and political gatherings, while it lacks the necessary features to carry out the daily life of individuals as a collective space. According to the results of this study, although the lack of spaces with physical qualities is felt in Mashhad, focusing only on physical features, create an incomplete image of understanding the environment and its relationship, while physical qualities compared to semantic variables, have more operational capabilities in operationalizing urban planning, because the perception of environmental factors has a significant impact on activities and emotions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

"Physical factors", "Conceptual factors", "Quality of collective life", "Public space"

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