ارزیابی جامعه محلی از سیاست‌های توسعه سکونتگاه‌های شهری و اثرات آن (مطالعه موردی: شهر شاهو؛ استان کرمانشاه)

فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری

مقاله 7، دوره 14، شماره 53، مرداد 1402، صفحه 101-118   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/jupm.2022.29911.4123

نویسندگان

مسعود صفری علی اکبری^{* 1}؛ داود جمینی²؛ زهرا اسمعیلی³

¹استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران

²استادیار گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران (پژوهشگر پاره وقت پژوهشکده کردستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران)

³کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نور، واحد وزوان، اصفهان، ایران

تاریخ دریافت: 13 بهمن 1400،  تاریخ بازنگری: 01 اردیبهشت 1401،  تاریخ پذیرش: 01 اردیبهشت 1401 

چکیده

سیاست تبدیل روستا به شهر منجر به تغییر و تحولات متعددی در عرصه فضای جدید شهری می­شود و گاهاً مسائل و مشکلات متعددی را به همراه دارد. هدف مطالعه کمی و کاربردی حاضر که با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی انجام گرفته است، بررسی و تحلیل اثرات سیاست تبدیل نقاط روستایی به شهر از دیدگاه ساکنان شهر شاهو است. جامعه آماری پژوهش را 1049 نفر از سرپرستان خانوار تشکیل می­دهد که از میان آن­ها 150 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری در نظر گرفته شده­اند. ابزار اصلی برای جمع­آوری داده­های میدانی پرسشنامه محقق ساخته است که روایی (صوری) و پایایی آن بررسی و تأیید شده است. یافته­های پژوهش نشان می­دهد میزان رضایتمندی ساکنان از سیاست تبدیل روستا به شهر با میانگین 33/3 بالاتر از حد متوسط می­باشد. با این وجود نتایج بررسی اثرات سیاست تبدیل روستا به شهر بر اساس ابعاد اصلی توسعه پایدار شهری با استفاده از آزمون ویلکاکسون نشان می­دهد میانگین رتبه­ای محاسبه شده برای ابعاد توسعه اجتماعی و فرهنگی، اقتصادی و زیست­محیطی - کالبدی در مرحله قبل از شهر شدن به ترتیب 29/59، 82/48 و 13 بوده است که در مرحله بعد به­ترتیب به 38/55، 83/42 و 18/55 تغییر یافته­اند. در واقع نتایج نشانگر موفقیت سیاست تبدیل روستا به شهر در بعد زیست­محیطی ـ کالبدی و عدم موفقیت آن در ابعاد اجتماعی و فرهنگی و اقتصادی است. همچنین نتایج بررسی اثر کلی سیاست مذکور بر توسعه پایدار شهری نشان داد میانگین رتبه­ای محاسبه شده در مرحله قبل 49/55 بوده که به 11/68 افزایش یافته است و این مهم نشانگر موفقیت کلی این سیاست در ارتقای توسعه پایدار شهری است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

توسعه پایدار شهری؛ سیاست-گذاری؛ مدیریت شهری؛ شاهو

عنوان مقاله [English]

Local community assessment of Urban settlement development policies and its effects (Case study: Shahoo City; Kermanshah province)

نویسندگان [English]

Mashood Safari Aliakbari¹؛ Davood Jamini²؛ Zahra Esmaili³

¹Assistant Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, Iran.

²Assistant Professor, Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran (Part-time Researcher at Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran).

³Master of Geography and Urban Planning, Payame Noor University, Vazvan Branch, Isfahan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

In order to establish order and balance in the hierarchy of the urban space system, as well as following the macro and regional policies for the development of human settlements, every year in our country, villages become cities. The policy of turning the village into a city leads to many changes and developments in the field of new urban space and sometimes brings with it many problems and issues. The inhabitants of these residential spaces are the most indigenous and local strata who are aware of the effects of this policy. Therefore, examining the effects of the policy of turning the village into a city from their point of view is an important step in criticizing and examining this macro policy in our country. The purpose of the present quantitative and applied study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, is to study and analyze the effects of the policy of converting rural areas to cities from the perspective of Shahoo Rurban residents (located in Ravansar Township and Kermanshah province). The statistical population of the study consists of 1049 heads of households, of which 150 are considered as a statistical sample. The main tool for collecting field data is a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity (formality) and reliability have been reviewed and confirmed. The results show that the level of residents' satisfaction with the policy of converting the village to the city with an average of 3.33 is above average. However, the results of the study of the effects of rural-urban transformation policy based on the main dimensions of sustainable urban development using the Wilcoxon test show the average rank calculated for the dimensions of social, cultural, economic and environmental-physical development in the pre-urbanization stage. 59.29, 48.82 and 13, respectively, which were changed to 55.38, 42.83 and 55.18, respectively. In fact, the results indicate the success of the policy of transforming the village into a city in the environmental-physical dimension and its failure in social, cultural and economic dimensions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

sustainable urban development, policy-making, urban management, Shahoo

مراجع

1. Amirentekhabi, S. (2016). Analysis of the consequences of villages to towns in the region Foumanat, Geography, 13(46): 235-251. [In Persian]. https://sid.ir/paper/150254/fa.
2. Amnesty International. (2009). Amnesty International Report 2009 e The State of the World's Human Rights. Amnesty International, London, UK. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/amnesty-international-report-2009-state-worlds-human-rights.
3. Azizi, M.M. Zebardast, E. & Bornafar, M. (2018). Analysis of the factors and effects of village transformation to city on urban system in Guilan Province, Iran (1956-2016). The Journal of Spatial Planning, 22(1):187-218. [In Persian]. https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14036-fa.html.
4. Barghi, H. Ghanbari, Y. & Seifollahi, M. (2012). The satisfaction level investigation of rural residents about the conversion of rural areas to urban areas. Geography, 9(31): 215-233. [In Persian]. magiran.com/p951524.
5. Douglass, M. (1998). A Regional Network Strategy for Reciprocal Rural-Urban Linkages: An Agenda for Policy Research with Reference to Indonesia. Third world planning review, 20(1): 1-30. DOI: 10.3828/twpr.20.1.f2827602h503k5j6.
6. Eskandari, A. & Nooripoor, M. (2018). Upgrading rural to urban areas and its effects on Social development indicators: The case of Sistan Region. Quarterly Journal of Socio - Cultural Development Studies, 6 (4) :165-189. [In Persian]. https://journals.sabz.ac.ir/scds/article-1-431-fa.html.
7. Farahani, H. Bahmani, A. & Jabali, F. (2016). The process of converting rural settlements to cities and its effects on the quality of life of citizens (Case study: Belbanabad city, Dehgolan city). Journal of Zonal Planning, 6(22): 191-202. [In Persian]. https://jzpm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_1940.html.
8. Friedmann, J. & Douglass, M. (1978). Agropolitan Development: Toward a New Strategy for Regional Planning in Asia. in F. Lo and K. Salih, eds., Growth Pole Strategy and Regional Development Policy, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 163-192. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-021984-4.50014-9.
9. Friesen, J. Rausch, L. Pelz, P.F. & Fürnkranz, J. (2018). Determining Factors for Slum Growth with Predictive Data Mining Methods. Urban Sci, 2, 81; doi:10.3390/urbansci2030081.
10. Galani-Moutafi, V. (2013). Rural space (re)produced e Practices, performances and visions, A case study from an Aegean island. Journal of Rural Studies, 32, 103-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.04.007.
11. Goli, A. & Asgari, A. (2006). Application of Fuzzy Logic in Turning a Village into a City: Tehran Province. Human Sciences MODARES, 10(2): 158-139. [In Persian]. https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-4192-fa.html.
12. Huang, C-Y. & Cantada, I. (2019). Challenges to implementing urban master plans – what are we missing?. Available at: http://beta-blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/challenges-implementing-urban-master-plans-what-are-we-missing.
13. Izady, H. & Nozari, M. (2013). Promoting Villages to Towns and its Role in Changing Rural – Urban Interactions (Case Study: Beyza’ Town, Fars Province). Journal of Rural Research, 4(1): 77-100. [In Persian]. Doi: 10.22059/JRUR.2013.31972
14. Jamini, D. & Jamshidi, A. (2015). Analysis of the factors that explain the social stability in rural areas (Case study: Chardavol township). Journal of Spatial Planning, 4(4): 147-65. [In Persian]. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_8506.html?lang=en.
15. Jamini, D. Amini, A. Ghadermarzi, H. & Tavakoli, J. (2017). Challenges of Food Security in Rural Areas Using Grounded Theory Approach in Ravansar County, Western Iran. European Journal of Geography, 8(4): 26 - 40. https://ojs.eurogeojournal.eu/showPaper.php?id=1132.
16. Jamini, D. Jamshidi, A. & Abdolmaleki, M. (2022). Identify the challenges of informal settlements and Provide operational-executive solutions to improve it in Kurdistan province (Case study: Urban Separated Area of Naysar). Journal of Research and Urban Planning. 12 (47): 111-130. [In Persian]. DOI:10.30495/jupm.2021.27932.3875.
17. Jamshidi, A. Jamini, D. Ghanbari, U. Toosi, R. & Pesaraklo, M (2015), Factors affecting the entrepreneurship development in agricultural production cooperatives Minodasht Township. Geographical Planning of Space, 6(15), 211-225. [In Persian]. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_10160.html?lang=en.
18. Karimi, B. Badri, S.A. & Salmani, M. (2015). An Investigation of Local Resident's Attitude to the Policy of Transformation of Villages to Towns According to Settlements (case study: Dailaman District, Siahkal Township). Urban Management, 13(37): 193-212. [In Persian]. http://ijurm.imo.org.ir/article-1-227-fa.html.
19. Karimi, B. Salmani, M. Badri, S. & Rezvani, M. (2014). Impacts Assessment of Transformation of Rural Settlements to Urban ones in Development of Mountainous Regions, Using Grounded Theory Method (Case Study: Dailaman District, Siahkal Township). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 33(145): 95-110. [In Persian]. https://jhre.ir/article-1-519-fa.html.
20. Knight, J. (1994). Town Making in Rural Japan: An Example from Wakayama. Journal of Rural Studies, 10(3): 249 – 261. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(94)90052-3.
21. Kummitha, R.K.R. (2019). Smart cities and entrepreneurship: An agenda for future research. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 149, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119763.
22. Missimer, M. Robèrt, K.H. Broman, G. & Sverdrup, H. (2010). Exploring the possibility of a systematic and generic approach to social sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 1107 – 1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.02.024.
23. Mohajerani, A.A. Haghighatian, M. & Yousefnia, M. (2017). A Study of the Effects of Converting Villages into Cities on the People's Lifestyle Case Study: Khaf and Roshtkhar Counties in the Khorasan Razavi Province. Rural Development Strategies, 3(4): 461-479. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22048/rdsj.2017.29628.1378.
24. Molei Hashjin, N. Karimian, M. Balochi, O. & Moghdani, E. (2014). An Evaluation of the Role of the Policy of Changing Rural Settlements to Towns in the Local Dwellers’ Life Quality (Case Study: Towns of Bordekhoon and Banak, Busheher Province). Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 9(28): 17-33. [In Persian]. https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_513569.html?lang=en.
25. Mostofi Al-Mamalaki, R. (2002). City and urbanization in the context of Iran's geography. Tehran, Islamic Azad University Scientific Publishing Center. [In Persian]. https://www.gisoom.com/book/1214349.
26. Munzwa, K. M. & Wellington, J. (2010). Urban Development in Zimbabwe: a Human Settlement Perspective. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, No. 5(14), 120-146. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24861509.
27. Owusu, G. (2005). The Role of District Capitals in Regional Development Linking Small Towns, Rural–Urban Linkages and Decentralization in Ghana. International Development Planning Review, 27, 59-90. DOI: 10.3828/idpr.27.1.4.
28. Rezvani, M.R. Mansourian, H. & Ahmadi, F. (2010). Promoting Villages to City and its Role on Improvement of Quality of Life of Local Resident. Journal of Rural Research, 1(1): 33-65. ([In Persian]. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_21825.html.
29. Riahi, V. & Jamini, D. (2018). A Study on the Villagers’ Semantic Understanding of Functional Challenges in Rural Settlements (Case Study: Centeral District of Ravansar County). Journal of Research & Rural Planning, 7(2), 1-23. Doi: 10.22067/JRRP.V5I4.62869
30. Riahi, V. Afrakhteh, H. & Salehpour, S. (2019). Analysis of Effective Factors of Annexation of Villages settlements to the City Based on the framework of Political divisions (Case study: Urmia metropolis). Journal of Zonal Planing, 9(33): 75-86. [In Persian]. https://jzpm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_3422.html.
31. Rondinelli, D.A. & Evans, H. (1983). Integrated Regional Development Planning: Linking Urban Centers and Rural Areas in Bolivia. world development, 11, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(83)90085-2.
32. Safaee Pour, M. Mansourian, H. & Keumarsi, A. (2017). Evaluating the Objective and Subjective Effects of Annexation of Nourabad Villages to the City in Lorestan Province, Iran: A Case Study. Journal of Rural Research, 8(1): 122-137. [In Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20087373.1396.8.1.8.6.
33. Safi Jahanshahi, E. Rad, S. & Khodadad, M. (2017), Study and analysis of citizens' satisfaction with the process of turning the village into a city (Case study: Khalilshahr new city). Green Architecture Quarterly, 3 (7): 34-21. [In Persian]. http://greenarchitecture.ir/post.aspx?id=510.
34. Saraei, M.H. & Eskandary Sani, M. (2007). Changing the Large Village to a Small City and Their Role on the Regional Balance: Rivash – Kashmar. Geography and development Iranian Journal, 5(10): 165-182. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22111/gdij.2007.3665.
35. Seydaei, E. Ghanbari, Y. Jamini, D. & Boshagh, M. (2013). Measuring the Agricultural Sustainability in Rural Areas-A Case Study: Rural Areas of Central District of Ravansar Township. Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 3(1): 87-106. [In Persian]. https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_208.html?lang=en.
36. Shamseddini, A. Ghadermarzi, H. & Jamini, D. (2018). Evaluating and Measuring the Effects of Construction of Communication Network on the Economic, Social and Environmental Conditions of Citizens (Case Study: Village-Shaho City). Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 8(26): 91-106. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22111/gaij.2018.3627.
37. Shamsoldini, A. Jamini, D. & Jamshidi, A.R. (2016). Measurement and analysis of social stability in rural areas (Case study: Javanrood Township). Journal of Rural Research, 7(3): 486-503. [In Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/jjr-07035.
38. Shaterian, M. Salahi, G. Ganjipoor, M. & Oshnavi, A. (2016). Analysis of Social Consequences of Changing Rural Area to City Case Study: Niasar City, Sefid Shahr, Barzak and Meshkat in Kashan. Geographic Space, 16(55): 45-64. [In Persian]. http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-466-fa.html&sw.
39. Statistics Center of Iran. (2016). Results of the General Census of Population and Housing. Statistics Center of Iran, Tehran. [In Persian]. https://www.amar.org.ir/.
40. Steffen, W. Sanderson, A. Jäger, J. Tyson, P.D. Moore, III. B. Matson, P.A. Richardson, K. Oldfield, F. Schellnhuber, H.-J. Turner II. B.L. & Wasson, R.J. (2004). Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure. IGBP Book Series. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/b137870.
41. Sydaii, SE. Jamini, D. & Jamshidi, A. (2014). An analysis on the status of health-therapeutic indexes in the provinces of Kermanshah using TOPSIS, AHP and cluster analysis models. Spatial Planning, 4(1): 43-64. [In Persian]. https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_15984.html?lang=en.
42. Tacoli, C. (2003). The Links between Urban and Rural Development. Environment and Urbanization, 15, 3-12. DOI: 10.1177/095624780301500111.
43. Thomas, M. (2016). Making a Town: Urbanity, Rurality, and the Politics of Place in Ebersbach (Fils), 1945-1989. Journal of Urban History, 26, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144216683157.
44. Zanganeh, Y. Samieepur, D. & Hamidiyan, A. (2013). The transforming villages into towns and its role in regional development and urban system changes (Case study: Khorasan Razavi province). Arid Regions Geographic Studies, 4 (13):17-36. [In Persian]. https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_html?lang=en.
45. Zangene Shahraki, S. (2013). Explanation on Conversion of Rural Areas into Town as a Challenge in National Scale and Formation of Khamshahr. Journal of Rural Research, 4(3): 535-557. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jrur.2013.36493.