مدلسازی برخی ویژگی‌های انتشار ذرات نمک از دریاچه ارومیه بر اساس جریانات جوی ترازهای نزدیک سطح زمین

حسینی صدر, عاطفه; محمدی, غلام حسن

doi:10.30495/wej.2021.21154.2169

انتقال سامانه مجلات به سامانه سند (سکوی نشر دانش)

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	مدلسازی برخی ویژگی‌های انتشار ذرات نمک از دریاچه ارومیه بر اساس جریانات جوی ترازهای نزدیک سطح زمین
فصلنامه علمی مهندسی منابع آب
دوره 15، شماره 54، آبان 1401، صفحه 93-106 اصل مقاله (1.74 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/wej.2021.21154.2169
نویسندگان
عاطفه حسینی صدر^* ¹؛ غلام حسن محمدی²
¹مربی گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، صندوق پستی 3697-19395 تهران، ایران
²دانش‌آموخته دکتری اقلیم شناسی، کارشناس هواشناسی سازمان هواشناسی کشور، اداره کل هواشناسی آذربایجان شرقی، تبریز، ایران
تاریخ دریافت: 30 تیر 1398، تاریخ بازنگری: 18 بهمن 1398، تاریخ پذیرش: 10 شهریور 1400
چکیده
چکیده مقدمه:در دهه گذشته به دنبال کاهش شدید آب دریاچه ارومیه، موضوع انتشار نمک از بستر خشک آن به یکی از بحرانهای محیطی شمال غرب کشور تبدیل شده است. مدلسازی میزان نهشت و ارزیابی مسیر و ارتفاع انتشار ریزگردهای نمکی دریاچه ارومیه بر اساس الگوی وزش بادهای نزدیک سطح زمین هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر است. روش:در ابتدا سمت وزش بادهای شدید در حاشیه دریاچه تحلیل شد. سپس از طریق انطباق بادهای شدید با تصاویر ماهوارهی مودیس تعدادی از توفانهای گردوغبار نمکی انتخاب شده و با تعیین تاریخ و مکان وقوع توفان، مدل HYSPLIT به روش پیشرو در گام زمانی 18 ساعت اجرا شد. برای ارزیابی نتایج مدل، خروجی آن از طریق ترسیم نقشههای همدیدی کنترل شد. یافته ها:نتایج تحقیق نشان داد هر چند امکان وزش بادهای شدید تقریباً از همه جهات جغرافیایی وجود دارد لکن سمت غالب وزش بادهای شدید بر حسب موقعیت از سمت جنوب، جنوب غرب و شمال میباشند. خروجیهای مدل نشان داد امکان انتشار نمک دریاچه به تمامی جهات وجود داشته و برحسب سمت و سرعت وزش بادهای سطح زمین و علیالخصوص خصوصیات همدیدی جریانات جوی ترازهای فوقانی؛ سمت انتشار، میزان نهشت و ارتفاع لایه آمیخته با نمک می تواند متفاوت باشد. همچنین سمت انتشار گردوغبار نمکی با سمت وزش بادهای سطوح فوقانی انطباق بیشتری داشته و ذرات برخاسته از بستر دریاچه ممکن است در فاصله 18 ساعت در مسافتی بیش از 200 کیلومتر منتشر شوند. همچنین بر حسب شدت حرکات صعودی جو تا ارتفاع 4000 متری از سطح دریاهای آزاد در درون اتمسفر پخش شوند. نتیجه گیری:با توجه به امکان انتشار گردوغبارهای حاوی نمک از بستر خشک دریاچه ارومیه در مسافت های زیاد، احیاء دریاچه ارومیه و حتیالمقدور اجرای اقدامات زیست محیطی با هدف تثبیت گردوغبار در کانون های انتشار نمک ضروری می نماید.
کلیدواژه‌ها
انتشار نمک؛ مسیر انتقال؛ مدل HYSPLIT؛ جریان‌های جوی. دریاچه ارومیه
عنوان مقاله [English]
Modeling some Dispersion Characteristics of Saline Particles from Urmia Lake Bed Based on near Surface Atmospheric Currents
نویسندگان [English]
Atefeh Hoseini Sadr¹؛ Gholam Hasan Mohammadi²
¹Department of Geography, Payame Noor University (PNU), PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, I. R. of Iran
²Ph.D. in Climatology, Iranian Meteorological Organization (IRIMO), East Azerbaijan Province Central Bureau of Meteorology, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Abstract Introduction: Desiccation of Urmia Lake in the last two decades and saline dust emission from its dry bed has become an environmental crisis in the northwest of Iran. The main purpose of this study is the modeling of the deposition rate, transport pathway and emission height of saline dust over Urmia Lake based on near surface winds. Methods: In this regard, observed severe winds around the lake were analyzed. Subsequently, by matching of strong winds with MODIS satellite AOD products, a number of dust storms generated over Urmia Lake were selected and then storm generation date and location determined. In next step the HYSPLIT model was run in forward mode for 18 hours. To assess the model results, its outputs were compared with synoptic maps. Findings: Results showed that although strong winds are possible from all directions, but the prevailing directions are from the south, southwest and north respectively. Modeling results showed that saline dust diffusion is possible in all directions, and also transporting pathway, deposition rate and mixed layer height of saline dust can be different in terms of surface winds characteristics and especially upper levels atmospheric currents. Based on the results the emission path of the salt dust is more in line with upper levels winds, and raising particles may be emitted a distance of ~200 kilometers in 18 hours. Eventually, raising top height of saline particles could up to 4000 meters according to the intensity of ascending fluxes.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Saline dust dispersion, transport pathway, HYSPLIT model, atmospheric currents, Urmia Lake

مراجع
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آمار

مدلسازی برخی ویژگی‌های انتشار ذرات نمک از دریاچه ارومیه بر اساس جریانات جوی ترازهای نزدیک سطح زمین

1. Bijani, M., and Hayati, D. 2013. Application of environmental value attitudes in water conflict analysis: A study of Dorodzan Dam irrigation network. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Sciences, 9(1): 81-91. [In Persian].

2. Bijani, M.; Hayati, D., and Abdolvand, M. 2012.Conflict in water utilization in Dorodzan dam irrigation network (views of regional water experts). Environmental Sciences, 10(1): 59-78. [In Persian].

3. Tatar, M., Papzan, A., and Ahmadvand, M. 2018. Agricultural water conflict management in Gavoshan Watershed (strategies based on cooperation strategy). Agricultural Extension and Education Sciences, 14(1): 91-111. [In Persian].

4. Rezaian, A. 2001. Conflict management. PayamSadegh Magazine, Imam Sadegh University. [In Persian].

5. Razi, M. 2016. Identification of 1190 illegal wells in Hamadan and Bahar plain were identified. Khabaronline News Agency, available at: www.khabaronline.ir. Accessed on 25 August 2020. [In Persian].

6. Management and Planning Organization of Hamadan Province. 2019a. Strategic document and development operational plan of Hamedan province (2019-2021). Hamedan: Management and Planning Organization of Hamedan Province. [In Persian].

7. Management and Planning Organization of Hamadan Province. 2019b. Abstract of planning studies of Hamedan province. Hamedan: Management and Planning Organization of Hamedan Province. [In Persian].

8. Seyedan, S.M., Kohansal, M.R., and Ghorbani, M. 2017. Achieving the optimal route of extraction from groundwater resources by applying side effects in the Hamadan-Bahar plain. Journal of Watershed Management, 8(1): 191-201. [In Persian].

9. Frhangi, A. 1990. Communication in Organizational Conflict from the Perspective of Interaction Analysis. Management and Development Process, 4(1): 15-29. [In Persian].

10. Rafiei, N., Fattahi, S., Ghasemi, R., and Droudy, M. 2016. Strategic Development Problems in Hamadan Province. Tehran: Center for Strategic Studies of the Presidency. [In Persian].

12. Statistics Center of Iran. 2020. Map of the provinces of the country. Available at: https://www.amar.org.ir. [In Persian].

13. Kolaei, A. 2014. Overview of the management and pricing of agricultural water in Iran and some selected countries. Tehran: Institute of Planning Research, Agricultural Economics and Rural Development. [In Persian].

14. Moghimi, S.M. 2009. Organization and Management: A Research Approach. Tehran: Termeh Publications. [In Persian].

15. Nozari, H., and Zali, A. 2013. Investigation of groundwater harvesting status of Hamedan-Bahar plain. Journal of Soil and Water Knowledge, 23(4): 277-290. [In Persian].

17. Yousefi, A.,Amini, A.M ., Fatthi, A., and Yadegari, A. 2016. Evaluation of ways to resolve the Zayandehrood River conflict from the perspective of farmers and stakeholders. Water and Soil Science, 20(2): 143-159. [In Persian].

18. Barli, O., Baskent, E., Turker, M., and Gedik, T. 2006. Analytical approach for analyzing and providing solutions for the conflicts among forest stakeholders across Turkey. Forest Policy and Economics, 9(3), 219-236.

19. Barli, O., Baskent, E., Turker, M., and Gedik, T. 2006. Analytical approach for analyzing and providing solutions for the conflicts among forest stakeholders across Turkey. Forest Policy and Economics, 9(3): 219-236.

20. Bijani, M., and Hayati, D. 2011. Water conflict in agricultural system in IRAN: A human ecological analysis. Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2: 27-40.

21. Blake, R., and Mouton, J. 1964. The Managerial Grid: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: The Gulf Publishing Company.

22. Cann, A., Norman, M.A., Welbourne, J.L. and Calhoun, L.G. 2008. Attachment styles, conflict styles and humour styles: Interrelationships and associations with relationship satisfaction. European Journal of Personality, 22: 131-146.

23. Cap-Net. 2014. Conflict resolution and negotiation skills for integrated water resources management. South Africa: UNDP.

24. Dubrin, A.J. 2004. Applying Psychology: Individual and Organizational Effectiveness. New Jersey: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.

25. FAO. 2000. Proceedings of the international workshop on community forestry in Africa. Rome: FAO.

26. Gleick, P.H., and Heberger, M. 2012. Water and conflict: Events, trends, and analysis. The World`s Water, 8(3): 159-171.

27. Kameri-Mbote, P. 2007. Water, conflict, and cooperation: Lesson from the Nile river basin. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 4: 1-5.

28. Robbins, S.P., and Judge, T.A. 2006. Organizational Behavior. New York: Prentice- Hall Inc.

29. FAO. 2011. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: FAO.

30. Tulloch, J. 2009. Water conflicts: Fight or flight? Allianz. Available at: www.knowledge.allianz.com.

31. Uprety, D.R. 2001. ConflictManagement in Natural Resource:A Study of Land, Water and Forest Conflicts in Nepal.

32. Niu, W., Wang, H., and Qiu, L. 2009. A framework of trans-boundary water conflict model based on qualitative simulation of behavior. International Conference on Engineering Management and ServiceSciences.

33. Wolf, A., Natharius, J., Danielson, Ward, B., and Pender, J.2010. International river basins of the world. International Journal of Water Resources Development,15(4): 387-427.