ارزیابی وضعیت شوری خاک، تبخیر و تعرق واقعی و رطوبت خاک با استفاده از سنجش از دور (مطالعه موردی: منطقه خشک هرات)

فصلنامه علمی مهندسی منابع آب

دوره 15، شماره 55، بهمن 1401، صفحه 35-52   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/wej.2021.26859.2286

نویسندگان

فاطمه فیروزی¹؛ حسین ملکی نژاد^{* 2}؛ نورالله نیک پور³

¹دانشجوی پسا دکتری ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه یزد.

²دانشیار گروه منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه یزد.

³دکترا، ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان.

تاریخ دریافت: 29 آذر 1399،  تاریخ بازنگری: 27 مهر 1400،  تاریخ پذیرش: 27 مهر 1400 

چکیده

چکیده
مقدمه: در توسعه کشاورزی، عوامل زیادی مانند شرایط آب و هوایی، رطوبت خاک، تبخیر و تعرق و ...دخالت دارند که برای تأثیر آن‌‌ها لازم است به بررسی پارامترهای کلیدی پرداخته شود. پایش بهنگام و دقیق این کمیت‌ها به کمک تصاویر ماهواره‌ای یک ضرورت در این زمینه محسوب می‌شود. دشت هرات، یکی از دشت‌هایی است که در آن، شوری خاک و کمبود رطوبت منجر به بحرانی گردیدن وضعیت باغات و زمین‌های کشاورزی شده است.
روش: در این تحقیق سعی شده است با استفاده از داده‌های سنجنده مودیس برای چهار ماه فوریه، می، اگوست و نوامبر در سال 2017 به مطالعه شوری خاک، رطوبت خاک و میزان تبخیر و تعرق واقعی بررسی شود.
یافته: مرحله اول بررسی پوشش گیاهی نشان می‌دهد در ماه می‌(فصل رشد) 4/0 را نشان می‌دهد. در حالیکه حداکثر دمای سطح زمین نیز در ماه اگوست (54 درجه سانتی‌گراد) و می(15/45 درجه سانتی‌گراد) به ثبت رسیده است، سپس در مرحله بعد با استفاده از نتایج دو شاخص پوشش‌گیاهی و دمای سطح زمین به بررسی رطوبت منطقه با روش مثلثی پرداخته شده است. رطوبت منطقه به پنج طبقه از صفرتا 5/0 تقسیم‌بندی شد، که نشان‌دهنده کم بودن رطوبت خاک و خشکی در دشت هرات می‌باشد. درنهایت به دلیل خشک بودن منطقه و برای صحت سنجی روش مثلثی، برداشت میدانی نمونه‌های خاک از نقاط مختلف شهر هرات و بخصوص زمین‌های کشاورزی آن برای برآورد میزان شوری خاک (EC,PH و رطوبت خاک) صورت گرفت.
نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که میزان رطوبت خاک در عمق 5 سانتی‌متری سطح زمین بین0 تا 3/0متغیر می‌باشد. همچنین از 12 نمونه خاک، 6 نمونه دارای خاک شور و یک نمونه دارای خاک شوری-اسیدی می‌باشند. البته این نکته هم حائز اهمیت است که برخی از زمین‌های کشاورزی که خاک آن‌ها در گروه شور قرارگرفته است، خشک و به حال خود رهاشده‌اند. در نهایت بررسی میزان تبخیر و تعرق واقعی با الگوریتم سبال نشان داد که در این منطقه با وجود کمبود رطوبت، تبخیر بخصوص در ماه گرم اگوست بسیار بالا می‌باشد.  

کلیدواژه‌ها

کشاورزی؛ چاه‌ آب؛ احساس تضاد؛ مدیریت تعارض

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Soil Salinity, Actual Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture Using Remote Sensing (Case Study: Herat Dry Region)

نویسندگان [English]

Fatemeh Firozi¹؛ Hossein Malakinezhad²؛ Noorallah Nikpour³

¹Post-doctorate, Department of Natural resources, University of Yazd, Iran.

²Professor Department of Natural resources, University of Yazd, Iran

³Expert in Geomorphology, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Planning, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Introduction: Many factors are involved in agricultural development such as climatic conditions, soil moisture, evapotranspiration and etc. For their effectiveness, it is necessary to examine the key parameters. Timely and accurate monitoring of these committees with the help of satellite imagery is a necessity in this regard. Herat plain is one of the plains where soil salinity and lack of moisture has led to a critical situation of gardens and agricultural lands.
Methods: In this research, we have tried to study soil salinity, soil moisture and actual evapotranspiration using the MODIS sensor data for the four months of February, May, August and November 2017.
Findings: The first stage of vegetation survey shows 0.4 in May (growing season). While the maximum land surface temperature was recorded in August (54 ° C) and May (45.15 ° C). Then, in the next step, using the results of two indicators of vegetation and land surface temperature, the humidity of the area is investigated by TVDI. The humidity of the region was divided into five classes from zero to 0.5, which indicates the low soil moisture and dryness in the Herat plain. Finally, due to the dryness of the area and to verify the TVDI method, field soil samples were taken from different parts of Herat and especially its agricultural lands to estimate the soil salinity (EC, PH and soil moisture). The results showed that the soil moisture content of the samples at a depth of 5 cm above the ground varies between 0 and 0.3. Also, out of 12 soil samples, 6 samples have saline soils and one sample has saline-acid soils. Of course, it is also important to note that some of the agricultural lands whose soils are in the saline group are dry and left to their own devices.
Finally, the study of actual evapotranspiration with the SEBAL algorithm showed that in this region, despite the lack of moisture, actual evapotranspiration is very high, especially in the hot month of August.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Vegetation index, soil salinity, soil moisture, arid and semi-arid region, actual evapotranspiration

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