بررسی پیامدهای اقتصادی- اجتماعی چالش های ژئوپولیتیک زیست محیطی در استان گیلان با تأکید بر امنیت آبی

فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

دوره 14، شماره 54، شهریور 1403، صفحه 81-92   

نوع مقاله: مقاله های برگرفته از پایان نامه

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/jzpm.2023.31948.4238

نویسندگان

بهرام آریامنش¹؛ حجت مهکویی^{* 2}؛ امیر گندمکار³؛ علی رضا عباسی²

¹دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی، گروه جغرافیا، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران

²گروه جغرافیا، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران

³استادیار گروه جغرافیا, واحد نجف آباد ,دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران

تاریخ دریافت: 12 خرداد 1402،  تاریخ بازنگری: 26 تیر 1402،  تاریخ پذیرش: 27 تیر 1402 

چکیده

جهـان در قـرن بیست ویکــم شـاهد تحـولات سـریع و بـی سـابقه در حـوزه ژئوپولیتیـک زیست محیطی است. چالشهای زیست محیطی نقش مهمی در امنیت انسان دارند. یکی از چالشهایی که بوجود می آید در زمینه آب و بحران آب است. امنیت آبی در استان گیلان طی سالهای اخیر در پیوند با مؤلفههای ژئوپولیتیک زیست محیطی و متأثر از عوامل متعددی، دچار چالشهای متعددی شده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تبیین چالشهای ژئوپولیتیک زیست محیطی در استان گیلان با تأکید بر امنیت آبی می باشد. نگارندگان با بهره گیری از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، تکیه بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای و بررسیهای پیمایشی درصدد ارزیابی فرضیه پژوهش بر آمده و با تنظیم پرسشنامه و توزیع آن میان جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل نخبگان و دانش آموختگان علوم سیاسی، جغرافیای سیاسی و محیط زیست استان گیلان و تجزیه و تحلیل داده های گردآوری شده با بهره گیری از نرم افزار spss و از ضریب همبستگی گاما و آزمون کای دو در راستای نیل به اهداف پژوهش بهره گیری شده است. یافته های این مقاله در دو بخش کتابخانه ای و پیمایشی گردآوری شده اند که نشان می دهند مقدار معناداری آزمون تی تک متغیره برابر با 0.000 و کمتر از سطح استاندارد 0.05 می باشد. یافته های حاصل از آزمون فریدمن در قالب استخراج میانگین و رتبه بندی گویه ها نشان می دهد چالشهای بحران پسماند و زباله، تغییر کاربری اراضی، استقرار صنایع پراکنده، غیرهمگن و ناسازگار با محیط زیست، برداشت بی رویه از رودخانه ها، تخریب اراضی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، آلودگی آبهای سطحی، گردشگری طبیعی ناپایدار در استان، جنگل زدایی، عدم رعایت الگوی مصرف آب و استفاده بی رویه از سفره‌های آب زیر زمینی بیش از سایر گویه ها منجر به تشدید پیامدهای اقتصادی-اجتماعی ناشی از بحران آب در استان گیلان می شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ژئوپلیتیک زیست محیطی؛ امنیت؛ امنیت آبی؛ استان گیلان

عنوان مقاله [English]

Examining the Socio-Economic Consequences of Environmental Geopolitical Challenges in Gilan Province with an Emphasis on Water Security

نویسندگان [English]

Bahram Ariyamanesh¹؛ Hojat Mahkouei²؛ amir gandomkar³؛ Alireza Abasi²

¹PhD Student of Political Geography, Department of Geography, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

²Department of Geography, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

³Department of Geography, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

چکیده [English]

In the 21st century, the world is witnessing rapid and unprecedented changes in the environmental geopolitical field. Environmental challenges play an important role in human security. One of the challenges that arise is in the field of water and water crisis. Water security in Gilan province has faced many challenges in recent years in connection with environmental geopolitical components and affected by many factors. The current research was carried out with the aim of explaining environmental geopolitical challenges in Gilan province with an emphasis on water security. By using the descriptive-analytical method, relying on library studies and surveys, the authors aim to evaluate the research hypothesis and by setting up a questionnaire and distributing it among the statistical community of the research, including elites and students of political science, political geography and environment. The life of Gilan province and the analysis of the collected data using spss software have taken steps towards achieving the goals of the research. The results show that the significance value of the variable t-test is equal to 0.000 and less than the standard level of 0.05, hence the hypothesis of the research which is "Environmental geopolitical challenges in Gilan province lead to the intensification of socio-economic consequences caused by The water crisis is confirmed. The findings of the Friedman test in the form of extracting averages and ranking the items show the challenges of waste and garbage crisis, land use change, establishment of scattered, heterogeneous and incompatible industries with environmental protection, indiscriminate harvesting of rivers, Destruction of agricultural lands and natural resources, pollution of surface water, unsustainable natural tourism in the province, deforestation, non-compliance with water consumption pattern and excessive use of underground water tables more than other issues lead to the intensification of socio-economic consequences caused by the crisis. water in Gilan province.
Extended Abstract
 
Introduction
Environmental changes, especially in the last few decades and in various forms, have been so rapid that they have upset the balance of the earth's system and extensive environmental geopolitics in most areas of the earth. Research shows that this phenomenon can have negative effects on various sectors, including water resources, agriculture, health, industry, economy, security, etc., which has a significant impact on the development process. The slightest change in the rainfall and temperature system causes severe blows to the agriculture sector and the economy and has caused a lot of damage in the country in recent years. In recent years, in addition to the mentioned issues, the intensification of migration from the central regions of Iran to Gilan, the construction of second homes, townships and villas, etc., on the one hand, and the weakness of management structures in competent government organizations, cause the emergence of environmental challenges, The water crisis has become a threat to water security and, as a result, the formation of social, political and economic challenges in Gilan province. It seems necessary to explain the current situation of these challenges and formulate the desired situation of water security in Gilan province in order to create the necessary platforms for planning and making fundamental decisions. Due to the fact that water security in Gilan province has been affected by several factors, and since water security in Gilan province is dependent on environmental geopolitical components.
 
Methodology
This research is a type of descriptive-analytical study and it was done by library and survey method. Library information has been collected by referring to books, scientific-research magazines, articles, etc. The findings of the survey were also collected through the distribution of a questionnaire with 30 items among the statistical population including elites and students of political science, political geography and environment of Gilan province. Due to the indeterminacy of the considered population, we consider the sample floor for unlimited populations in Cochran's formula, which is equal to 384 people with a variance of 1 and an error of 0.1. To determine the validity of the questionnaire, 10 specialists in this field were asked to determine the relevance of each item in the questionnaire. Since the minimum validity value for 10 experts should be equal to 0.62 and the value obtained for CVR shows a number equal to 0.837, the questionnaire has a suitable validity. The reliability value of this questionnaire is 0.864 and it is more than the standard value of 0.7. The collected data were analyzed using spss software and statistical tests in order to evaluate the research hypothesis.
 
Results and Discussion
Guilan province is one of the rainiest areas of the country and its average annual rainfall is between 1100 and 1400 mm.(The website of Guilan Regional Water Company, 1402.( While the average rainfall of the country is 252 millimeters. Therefore, the situation of Gilan in terms of rainfall and water resources is almost six times higher than the country's average and almost twice the world average. The renewable water volume of Gilan province is 7.4 billion cubic meters and the renewable water volume of the country is 130 billion cubic meters. Although 3.53% of the country's population lives in Gilan province, this province has 5.7% of the country's renewable water. This shows the favorable condition of the water potential of this province. Despite the presented statistics and figures, the rainiest province of the country should not suffer from water shortage and drought by not receiving rainfall for a month. Most of the experts consider the drought and water shortage in Gilan province to be caused by the lack of proper management of water resources, in addition to the decrease in rainfall compared to the long-term average.(Devisti and et. Al, 2011 : 4-5).
The review of the collected data shows that on average more than 60% of the respondents rate the impact of the total items - in a general view - on the aggravation of the socio-economic consequences caused by the water crisis in Gilan province at a high level (very high) they know. Also, in the above table, in addition to explaining the respondents' opinions about the questionnaire items, the ranking of this questionnaire is shown using the Friedman test and extracting the average of each item. The results of the ranking of the items show, respectively, challenges such as waste and garbage crisis (average 1027), land use change (average 10.02), establishment of scattered, non-homogeneous and incompatible industries with the environment (average 9.88), indiscriminate harvesting of rivers (average 9.75), destruction of agricultural land and natural resources (average 9.65), pollution of surface water (average 9.56), unsustainable natural tourism in the province (average 9.30), deforestation (average 9.25), non-compliance with water consumption patterns (average 8.98) and the indiscriminate use of underground water tables (average 8.84) constitute the priorities of the statistical community and more than other items lead to the aggravation of the socio-economic consequences caused by the water crisis in Gilan province.
 
Conclusion
The percentage of the world's urban population is increasing. In our country, the banks of Gilan, especially in the coastal areas, are facing population pressure, which has caused severe erosion of resources and expansion of non-standard settlements and, subsequently, environmental pollution. Studies show that the average waste production per capita in Gilan province is 400 grams per day, and 70% of the waste is degradable compounds. The consequence of the accumulation and burial of these wastes is the challenges that Khodadai faces, especially the water resources, and directly affects the water security in this province. Industrial wastewater is another challenge that threatens the environment of this province due to the lack of a sewage treatment system and the lack of a suitable and efficient treatment system in industrial units. The pollution of soil resources, which affects the surface and underground water, leads to the weakening of the soil, and the change of land use, which is caused by the tourism capacities and the excessive increase in population, along with the occurrence of environmental problems, exposes the water resources of this water-rich province Threatened. The authors of this research, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library studies and surveys in order to evaluate the hypothesis of the research, which consists of environmental geopolitical challenges in Gilan province, lead to the aggravation of the socio-economic consequences caused by the water crisis. are trying to explain environmental geopolitical challenges in Gilan province with an emphasis on water security. The results show that the significance value of the t-test of the variable is equal to 0.00 and less than the standard level of 0.05, hence the hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Also, the findings of the Friedman test, extracting the average and ranking the items, show the challenges of waste and garbage crisis, land use change, establishment of scattered, heterogeneous and incompatible industries, indiscriminate harvesting of rivers, destruction of agricultural lands. and natural resources, surface water pollution, unsustainable natural tourism in the province, deforestation, non-compliance with the pattern of water consumption and excessive use of underground water tables more than other issues lead to the aggravation of the socio-economic consequences of the water crisis in Gilan province become.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Environmental Geopolitics, Security, Water Security, Gilan Province

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