چارچوب برنامه‌ریزی توسعه سکونتگاه‌های روستایی پیرامون کلانشهرها مورد مطالعه: کلانشهر تهران

فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

دوره 14، شماره 54، شهریور 1403، صفحه 111-130   

نوع مقاله: مقاله های برگرفته از پایان نامه

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/jzpm.2024.32796.4303

نویسندگان

معصومه امانی^{* 1}؛ فرهاد عزیزپور²؛ اصغر طهماسبی³

¹گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران

²گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

³گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت: 26 آذر 1402،  تاریخ بازنگری: 22 خرداد 1403،  تاریخ پذیرش: 22 خرداد 1403 

چکیده

روند شتابان شهرنشینی، منجر به تغییر و تحول در ابعاد مختلف سکونتگاههای روستایی پیرامون کلانشهرها شده است. واکنش مناسب به این وضعیت، الگوی برنامه‌ریزی خاصی را می‌طلبد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین چارچوب برنامه‌ریزی توسعه سکونتگاه‌های روستایی پیرامون کلانشهرها است که با روش‌شناسی تفسیری و روش تحقیق کیفی انجام گرفت. نظریه‌ها، رویکردها و مدلهای توسعه روستایی، تجربه‌های مطالعاتی و اجرایی مرتبط جهانی و روستاییان روستاهای پیرامون شهر تهران منابع اصلی جمع‌آوری داده‌ها هستند. در این ارتباط، 74 مقاله مربوط به نظریه‌های توسعه، برنامه‌ریزی روستایی و 39 تجربه جهانی به ترتیب با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و روش پژوهش موردی انتخاب شدند. مشارکت کنندگان در بخش مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختمند، مدیران و کارشناسان محلی توسعه روستایی از 17 روستا و 5 دستگاه اجرایی بودند که با بهره‌گیری از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چند مرحله‌ای و نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. مصاحبه نیمه ساختمند با مشارکت کنندگان در 17 روستا و 5 دستگاه اجرایی (بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی، وزارت راه و شهرسازی، اداره کل حریم شهری تهران، فرمانداری و شهرداری) به ترتیب با 34 و 15 نفر به اشباع نظری رسید. برای تحلیل داده‌ها، از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی و فراترکیب و برای اعتبار‌پذیری یافته‌ها از روش ضریب هولستی استفاده شد. یافته‌های پژوهش، این نتیجه را حاصل نمود که؛ برای برنامه‌ریزی این روستاهای پیرامون کلانشهری(تهران) باید بر بستر گفتمان فرانوگرایی برنامه‌ای نو ارایه کنیم. این برنامه دارای چارچوب مفهومی مبتنی بر اصولی خاص است. محیط گرایی، زمینه گرایی، توسعه فعالیت‌های اقتصاد محلی و زنجیره تامین محصولات و یکپارچگی فضایی بعنوان اصول محتوایی و کثرت‌گرایی، کنشگر-شبکه، مشارکت، حکمروایی مطلوب و انعطاف‌پذیری بعنوان اصول رویه‌ای (فرایندی) چارچوب مفهومی این برنامه تحت عنوان برنامه‌ریزی توسعه محلی پایدار روستاهای پیرامون کلانشهری (تهران) را شکل داده‌اند. این اصول جهت‌دهنده برای تدوین چارچوب عملی (تعریف، ماهیت، مقیاس، اهداف، شرح خدمات و ... ) این برنامه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پارادایم‌ها و نظریه‌های توسعه؛ چارچوب برنامه‌ریزی توسعه؛ برنامه‌ریزی توسعه محلی پایدار روستاهای پیرامون کلانشهری

عنوان مقاله [English]

The planning framework of the development rural settlements around metropolises, case of study: Tehran Metropolis

نویسندگان [English]

masoumeh amani¹؛ farhad azizpour²؛ Asghar Tahmasbi³

¹Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, Khwarazmi University, Tehran

²Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran

³Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The rapid process of urbanization has led to multi-dimensional changes in the rural areas around the metropolises, the appropriate response to these changes requires a special planning model. Present research was conducted with the aim of compiling a planning model for the development of rural settlements around Tehran metropolis with an interpretive approach and qualitative method. Research data was collected by analyzing development planning paradigms, theories, approaches and strategies of rural development and planning projects of the development of rural settlements around the metropolis and semi-structured interviews. 74 articles related to paradigms and theories of rural development and 39 development documents of villages around metropolises were selected by purposeful sampling method and case study method, respectively. The participants in the interviews were managers and local experts of rural development from 17 villages and 5 executive bodies who were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method and targeted sampling. The number of participants in 17 villages and 5 executive bodies reached 34 and 15 people by theoretical saturation respectively. The research collected data were analyzed by using Meta -synthesis and qualitative content analysis. The validity of the findings was done using the Holstein coefficient method.

The findings of the research led to the conclusion that it have been crated a new program based on discourse of postmodernism for rural settlements around Tehran metropolis. This program has a conceptual framework with certain principles. This principles are divided into two categories: procedural and substantive. Substantive principles include of environmentalism, conceptualism, development of local economy activities and product supply chain, and spatial integration. Procedural principles include of Pluralism, activist-network, participation, optimal governance and flexibility. These are guidelines for formulating a practical framework (definition, nature, scale, goals, description of services, etc.) of the sustainable local development program for the rural settlement around Tehran metropolis.
Extended Abstract
 
Introduction
The rapid urbanization process of metropolises has had a greater impact on the villages around them than the outdated rural areas, which has led to a significant functional change in the structure of the surrounding villages. In this process, the villages around the metropolises attract a large population and types of mixed use, diverse population structure, industrial constructions and underdeveloped infrastructure make the preparation of development plans be difficult due to significant spatial differentiation in socio-economic development and public services, along with the environmental pressure caused by severe use change. In Iran, in the villages around the metropolises, the gradual expansion of the city to the villages has led to changes in the population structure (urban-rural migration, village dormitory function and rural migration), economic changes (reducing village productions and expanding marginal and non-productive activities, increasing the commercial value of agricultural lands and converting them into residential, service and workshop lands and earning income without effort and the formation of rent) physical changes(Increasing scattered constructions, changing the shape and form of houses, congesting the road network) and socio-cultural changes. For example, in Tehran metropolis, the population of rural areas has increased from 199,438 people in 1956 to 814,698 people in 2015. Residential constructions in its southern villages have increased from 4.89% in 1986 to 10.3% in 2014 and the area of agricultural land has decreased. On the other hand, in recent decades, the villages in the north and northwest of Tehran, due to their beautiful natural landscapes and proximity to the city of Tehran, have been invaded by applicants for the construction of second homes and tourists from Tehran and surrounding cities. This issue, along with the need to settle a part of Tehran's population due to the expansion of its space, has led to the change of land use and the destruction of natural – ecological sources. Therefore, they face major challenges in environmental, socio-cultural, economic and ecological dimensions. Appropriate response to challenges requires a special development planning model. The present study by examining the principles of the development planning paradigm, the documents of metropolitan growth management plans and the planning projects of rural settlements around the world's metropolises and their adaptation to the challenges of planning the development of rural settlements within the urban limited of Tehran metropolis from the perspective of The local management and development experts have aims to provide formulate a framework for planning the development of rural settlements around the metropolis of Tehran. Therefore, the research question is the conceptual framework of planning the development of rural settlements around the metropolis of Tehran, based on what content and procedural principles?
 
Methodology
The approach of the current research is interpretative and qualitative research method. The statistical population of the research are 273 villages located in the metropolitan area of Tehran, local experts and management of villages, and Paradigms of development planning, theories, approaches and strategies of rural development and planning plans for the development of rural settlements around the metropolises of the world. 74 articles related to development paradigms and theories of rural development and 39 development documents of villages around metropolises were selected by purposeful sampling method and case research method, respectively. The participants in the interviews were managers and local experts of rural development from 17 villages and 5 executive bodies who were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method and targeted sampling. The number of participants in 17 villages and 5 executive bodies reached 34 and 15 people by theoretical saturation respectively. The collected data were analyzed by using Meta -synthesis and qualitative content analysis. The validity of the findings was done using the Holstein coefficient method.
 
Results and Discussion
The findings of the research led to the conclusion that it have been crated a new program based on discourse of postmodernism for rural settlements around Tehran metropolis. This program has a conceptual framework with certain principles. This principles are divided into two categories: procedural and substantive. Substantive principles include of environmentalism, conceptualism, development of local economy activities and product supply chain, and spatial integration. Procedural principles include of Pluralism, activist-network, participation, optimal governance and flexibility. These are guidelines for formulating a practical framework (definition, nature, scale, goals, description of services, etc.) of the sustainable local development program for the rural settlement around Tehran metropolis.
 Instead of consensus, participatory planning, favorable governance. The analysis of the key principles of rural settlement development planning shows that the optimal governance can adjust the inefficient structure of rural planning in Iran and the participatory planning method, has the ability to create a local management system, bottom-up planning and determining the rural development strategy by rural people. In the villages of the metropolitan area of Tehran, the lack of integrated management of the villages has caused the crating of conflicting interests of local activists and the municipalities responsible of planning development management. The interests of all actors can be taken into account by controversy planning. Pluralist planning, capacity development, community-oriented development and flexibility can have significant effects on the improvement of villages around the metropolis. Through capacity development, can be used the capabilities of individuals, organizations and local institutions to empowerment rural communities of the metropolitan area of Tehran. Also, Community-oriented development improves the quality of life through the creation of rural development infrastructures. Environmentalism and sustainable development, emphasizing on ecological sustainable development, consider human scale of planning, localization and localism, mixed development and intensive development. The conservation-oriented can moderate the identity duality of the villages around the metropolis by emphasizing all aspects of planning such as culture, local and indigenous characteristics. Networking and clustering of small businesses formed in the surrounding villages (such as furniture industries, chandeliers, food industries and tourism development capabilities) can lead to the realization of rapid economic growth in these areas.
 
Conclusion
The principles of planning the development of rural settlements around the metropolis of Tehran with people's participation in the development process, flexibility, the use of institutional and organizational and individual capacities, community-oriented development and people's empowerment and actor–network theory, meet the needs of all groups of rural society. Also, with integrated spatial planning, contextualism, environmentalism, development of local economy and supply chain activities will lead rural settlements to sustainable development. These principles have a conceptual and thematic relationship with each other that will act in a complementary and reciprocal manner in the planning system.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Paradigms and theories of development, development planning framework, sustainable local development planning of villages around the metropolis

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